- •1) The noun. The category of case.
- •2) The verb. The category of aspect.
- •3) The verb. The category of voice.
- •4. The simple sentence.
- •Communicative Types of sentences.
- •7) Etymological characteristics of the English vocabulary.
- •8) English word structure.
- •9) Synonymy and antonymy in modern English.
- •10. English phraseology.
- •12) Image. The structure of the image.
- •13) Functional styles, functions of the language and stylistic functions.
- •16) The first consonant shift.
- •Ie:nasals, *m, *n; liquids, *l, *r; and semivowels, *w, *j (y).
- •18) A notion of the phoneme. Three aspects of the phoneme.
- •20) The main directions of contemporary theory of translation and the nature of translation.
- •2 Phases of translation;
- •21. Levels of equivalence and the concept of adequate translations.
- •Levels of equivalence and the main approaches to translation
- •22. The reflection of the nationally - cultural peculiarities in the lexical system of the English language
- •The function of language as a tool of culture. The cultural background of a language
- •2. The linguistic study of the country
- •3. The cultural component of lexical units
- •23. Culture bumps: overcoming misunderstandings in cross – cultural communication
- •2. Shattering the idea of word equivalence at the level of lexical units
- •24. National images and intercultural communication
- •1. National image. Stereotype. National character. National mentality
- •2. What the British think of Americans
- •3. What Americans think of the British
- •4. The national character of the Welsh, the Irish
- •5. “Devils in skirts”, “ladies from hell”
- •6. Images of Great Britain, of the us
- •25. Nationally cultural peculiarities of the English, American onomastics
- •1. The definition of onomastics.
- •2. Nationally cultural peculiarities of the English/American anthroponomastics
- •3. Place names
4. The national character of the Welsh, the Irish
5. “Devils in skirts”, “ladies from hell”
The Scots, particularly the “Highlanders” from the mountainous north, try to maintain their separate identity. They object to being called “English”. The “Highlanders” are proud, independent and hardy people who mainly live by farming sheep in the mountain areas; others, on the coasts and islands, are fishermen. The urban areas of southern Scotland are heavily industrialized. The Scots have a reputation for being inventive, hardworking, serious – minded and cautious with money. In the past they were pioneer settlers and empire builders. They have also provided the British Army with some of its most famous regiments (“devils in skirts”, “ladies from hell”).
There is no other part of the British Isles where national traditions are more cherished than in Wales. The Welsh still proudly their national dress on festive occasions. Welshmen, who have a highly developed artistic sense, have a distinguished record in the realm of poetry, song or drama.
Irish jokes are about Irish people in which they appear to be quite stupid. Such jokes are usu. told by English people and are considered offensive, esp. by Irish people themselves. The Irish are independent, proud, open-hearted, hospitable.
6. Images of Great Britain, of the us
Images of Great Britain include Britannia (= a female figure representing Britain, formerly shown on some coins). Britannia is usu. shown sitting down, wearing a helmet, and holding a trident. There is a popular patriotic song called Rule Britannia. The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack, is made up of three crosses. The upright red cross is the cross of St.George, the patron saint of England. The white diagonal cross (with the arms going into the corners) is the cross of St.Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland. The red diagonal cross is the cross of St.Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. St.David is the patron saint of Wales. A red rose – England’s official emblem. Red and white roses were chosen as emblems during the Wars of the Roses. Afterwards, the two were combined in the Tudor rose. Other images include a bulldog, often wearing a Union Jack waistcoat, and John Bull, an old-fashioned and fat country gentleman.
Wales has two plants, the leek and the daffodil, as its emblems. Scotland has the thistle (= a prickly weed) as its official emblem, but a tartan pattern is used on many products made in Scotland. The national symbol of Northern Ireland is the Red Hand of Ulster, which appears on its flag. The shamrock and the harp are also associated with Ireland. The Great Seal of the US, which appears on US money and government, show a bald eagle, a very large bird which is itself a symbol of the US. In its mouth the eagle holds the words e pluribus unum (one out of many). Other names of the US, e.g. ‘the melting pot’ (= one country made up from many individual states). Uncle Sam – the imaginary person who represents the US and its government. Uncle Sam has a white beard and wears red, white and blue clothes, with stars on his tall hat. Stars and Stripes the US flag. Old Glory is a popular name for the US flag, first used by William Driver, a ship’s captain from Massachusetts, in 1831.