X. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения слов:

use be used to used to

to use get used to

1. Engineers use the experience of previous generations. 2. Architects make use of fresh forms, fresh materials and fresh technique. 3. They have used the conventional crystal growth methods. 4. This approach is used for time and money saving purposes. 5. They presented mass of data necessary for effective land use planning. 6. Most laboratories have small machines (установки) which are being used for demonstration purposes. 7. He is used to listening to the nine o’clock news. 8. They got used to driving left. 9. I’m used to getting up early. 10. Members of Everest expeditions must get used to the thin air (разреженный воздух) of the Himalayan heights; they do this by spending as many weeks as possible in the high mountain country. 11. During his useful life he often felt he was useless. 12. Society is now more tolerant than it used to be of unmarried people, unmarried couples and single parents. 13. The members of the family used to meet more often than they do it now. 14. He used to do sports a lot. 15. Any of these methods is useful. 16. Public authorities, primarily governmental ones, have assumed many of the functions that the family used to provide, such as caring for the aged and the sick, educating the young, and providing for recreation.

rather 1. This problem is rather difficult. 2. Rather we attempt to develop in detail the principal mathematical method. 3. Two approaches with a rather well established methodology suited well in our case. 4. We shall concentrate, however, on the process which generates this knowledge, rather than on the knowledge itself. 5. He is rather difficult to deal with.

involve(d) 1. The branch of optics which involves quantitative measurements of the intensity of light and the illumination provided by different sources on surfaces at varying distances from the source is called photometry. 2. The method involved was quite new. 3. The phenomenon involved was rather difficult to explain. 4. We have to analyse all the factors involved. 5. The quantities (values) involved in our study are interrelated. 6. Robert Koch was involved in the investigation of infectious diseases throughout his life. 7. Besides being very involved this procedure is very costly. 8. The problem is far too involved for one to be able to solve it. 9. Under these conditions the requirements involved are only partially met.

provide; provide for; provided 1. Special measures must have been taken by tunnel builders to provide stability to the works and safety to the workers in boring this tunnel. 2. We are to provide all the necessary equipment for the experiment to be carried out successfully. 3. Apochromats are highly corrected optical systems (точно-скорректированные оптические системы) providing maximum optical quality and are used in microscopy and astronomy. 4. Timekeeping (служба частот и времени ) at the Royal Greenwich Observatory began in 1675, when it provided a standard by which sailors could set their clocks before they set out on voyages. 5. There is always an element of risk in providing capital and starting business. 6. The cenral organization provided all the expeditions with the necessary equipment; it has provided our expedition with means of radio communication. 7. Well provided with food now we shall start in two days provided there is no change of the weather. 8. In hot weather water is the best drink provided it is cool and pure. 9. Provided the supplies arrive in time, all will go well. 10. Great increase in labour productivity would be made provided mechanization and automation of manufacturing process were increasingly used. 11. The colleges provide for residence and tutoring personal instruction of the students; by means of personal contact the tutor may influence the student’s political and social ideas. 12. Providing for the doubling of the U.S. expanding population at their current level of living is equivalent to building a complete new small town every day of the year for the next 30 years, including all of its buildings and facilities. 13. The contract provides for that possibility.

mean; to mean; means; by means of 1. Science is the means by which the whole of our civilization is rapidly being transformed. 2. A. Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) is acknowledged to have invented a means of protection against the disastrous affects of lightning – the lightning rod. 3. To meet the accelerated demands for resources, we must find means to accellerate our acquisition of knowledge. 4. Means must be provided for a system to be adjusted for the important experiment. 5. In addition to being a means of exchange, money is also a means of measuring the value of men’s labour. 6. A mean solar day is the mean time during which the Earth makes one revolution round the sun. 7. Utilizing solar power on a large scale means getting possession of an immense source of power. 8. I mean to leave tomorrow. 9. Your friendship means a lot to me. 10. This will mean a lot of expense for him. 11. The title means nothing to me. 12. The golden mean. 13. He is mean with his money. 14. To concentrate railway facilities means to increase the average capacity and load per wagon. 15. What did you mean by looking at me like that? 16. The word “farm” comes from the Latin “firma”, meaning a fixed payment, a rent, a settled agreement, and it wasn’t until the 16th century that the “farm” came to mean a piece of land. 17. This doesn’t mean that the result is correct. 18. This means that the method of geometric means leads to more satisfactory results than that of arithmetic means. 19. The fastest means to detect an artificial satellite is radio, largely used for that purpose.

main (adj.); mainly (adv.)

1. The main theme of the conference – “Ecology”. 2. The main concern of an engineer is the rate at which work is being done. 3. The main problem is to survive. 4. All main Rutherford’s works deal with the nuclear atom. 5. It was the main factor in their difference. 6. They mainly focused on fundamental problems. 7. Those people were mainly students. 8. This enterprise produces mainly the equipment for medicine.

to affect – влиять на; to effect – осуществлять; приводить к; вызывать, быть причиной. 1. This will affect their decision. 2. The change affects the whole process. 3. Moisture affects all kinds of metal. 4. They effected some changes in the plan. 5. If you give up smoking, you’ll effect about £ 100 a year. 6. Thus they effected the desired result.

science 1. Science both informs and instructs. 2. The body of information geneated by science and the knowledge of how to use it are two products of science. 3. The foundations of the science of optics were not established until the 17^th century. 4. In the 20^th century with the rapid growth of science and technology human achievements in conquering nature became so great that man’s economic activities began to produce an increasingly harmful (negative) effect on the biosphere. 5. Science has used experimental and theoretical investigation, or research, as its principal tool since the dawn of modern science began with Galileo.

since 1. Since the cost of study at Oxford is very high, the average parents can give their children a full education only at the cost of strict economy. 2. Since the colleges don’t provide the students with sports equipment, sport is the privilege only of the rich who have means for buying all (everything) that is necessary for any kind of sport. 3. They have been living here since 1997. 4. In spite of all the difficulties that he succeeded in going to Petersburg he was appointed mechanic to the Academy of Sciences; and since then he spent all his free time and all his money on new inventions.

some 1. There are some basic operations at any workshop. 2. The engineers of the research laboratory developed some new methods of work. 3. Some rivers flowing across the vast territory of Russia run into the Arctic Ocean. 4. There was some water in the glass. 5. I’d like to have some cheese. 6. Some locations are simply unsuitable for anything but open space and parks.

same 1. These elements have different colours but their chemical properties are the same, some of them are very important. 2. He proposed that we should take measures to maintain the t^о (temperature) at the same level during the entire process of the experiment. 3. I live in the same street where my parents used to live. 4. Though their characters differed, their views on life were the same.

until 1. Until a few years ago superconductors were simply a laboratory curiosity. 2. Problems cannot be solved until they are accurately defined. 3. The experiment was repeated until a satisfactory result was obtained. 4. It was not until 1959 that chemists succeded in obtaining this compound. 5. The experiment did not start until next week.

unless 1. Unless a material is tested it is not used for building purposes. 2. They will not go unless the weather is good.

near 1.The station is quite near. 2. In the very near future they are going to marry. 3. My office is near my home. 4. Construction is nearing completion.

nearly 1. She is nearly 90 years old. 2. The mother was sitting near the child nearly for an hour. 3. Nearly all the students have passed the exams successfully. 4. To construct an experiment of this kind seems nearly impossible. 5. In nearly every case, family law represents a delicate balance between the interests of society and the protection of individual rights.

through 1. Providing this project were realized, the new train would run through huge tubes at twenty times the speed of sound by means of magnetic driver. 2. Ships will pass through two deep-water channels which are located on each side of the island. 3. They’ve got good results through many experiments. 4. He looked out through the window. 5. Government is the mechanism through which public will is expressed. 6. A business enterprise that is owned by a number of people through shares of stock is a Corporation

throughout 1. The amount of information will gradually be reduced throughout the whole process. 2. T.E. Edison (1847–1931) well-known throughout the world, began to experiment when he was ten or eleven years old, his inclination being towards chemistry. 3. The weather was good throughout.

thorough 1. The function of the University is to give specialized training of a high degree, and the carriculum is arranged to give thorough knowledge and form education in its broadest sense. 2 You need thorough knowledge in this field. 3. Newton began his higher education with Aristotel’s work, he also had thoroughly mastered the works of the French philosophers. 4. A thorough analysis of the experiment has revealed some mistakes

though; although 1. He looked at me as though he were surprised to see me. 2. Although he is nearly seventy, he still likes to play sports. 3. Although the new method can be used to study these systems we shall use the old ones. 4. But the tables (таблицы) though filled up, were to be extended by some additional elements unpredicted by Mendeleev. 5. Primitive men, though they might have enjoyed the beauty of virgin nature had to live in caves.

hard; hardly 1. Studying is hard work; a student must work hard. 2. We can hardly read notes written with a hard pencil. 3. Those were hard years. 4. He is a hard father; he’s hard (strict) on his son. 5. I can hardly believe it.

the former, the latter 1. The latter procedure is much more complicated than the former one. 2. This latter case is considerably more difficult to represent, since all subcomponents of a programme will need to be activated. 3. At present there exist lasers of various sizes, big and small, the latter being widely employed in various branches of our industry. 4. In mechanics we are interested in two kinds of energy, namely, potential energy and kinetic energy, the latter being the energy of position, while the former being the energy of motion. 5. Physics is divided very naturally into two great branches, experimental and theoretical physics; the task of the former is to make observations and carry out experiments. 6. The former president was a very talanted politician. 7. Of the two routes (roads) the former is shorter.

too 1. This task is too urgent. 2. The Navy was too new, too small and not experienced enough to resist the enemy’s fleet. 3. Economists too, have come to a similar point of view. 4. He lived in Russia and in France too.

1) to follow – следовать за; следить за; использовать (метод, теорию); придерживаться;

2) following – следующий за; использующий;

3) followed by – за которым следует; с последующим.

1. You will all have to follow him, the youngest as well as the oldest. 2. This follows from their decision. 3. One misfortune followed another. 4. They followed their own policy. 5. We followed some of their procedures. 6. Events followed in quick succession. 7. We must follow the job through (доводить дело до конца). 8. He followed (унаследовать) his father as head gardener. 9. I always follow the home and international affairs. 10. The police are following up this information. 11. Data analysis follows data gathering. 12. The report followed by a discussion showed the importance of this problem. 13. The procedure followed by this investigator was proposed by Smith. 14. The scientist following this technique investigated some phenomena of radioactivity. 15. The lecture will be followed by an experiment. 16. You have to look through the following documents. 17. Following these early discoveries, a great many alloys have been discovered. 18. Feudalism as a system was followed by capitalism.

Задание: Read and translate the text. Be ready to talk about yourself, using the words and structures from the text.