Лексико-грамматический материал

I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции местоимений ‘It’.

1. It is Monday today; it’s 10 a.m.; it’s too cold outside. 2. It has been very cold for a few days. 3. If the growth of the population actually happens, it means that in the next 70 years we will have to provide as many goods (товары) houses, roads, schools and other facilities as we have already produced in our previous years of existence. 4. It has been raining since early morning. 5. It will be interesting to watch this device in action; it’s quite a new device. 6. It has become necessary to look through a special literature. 7. It took them half an hour to make a decision. 8. It takes less time to do it right by myself than it does to explain why you did it wrong. 9. Since the time of its erection the Tower of London has served many purposes; first it was a king’s palace, a fortress, a political prison, a mint place and now it is a museum. 10. I made it a rule for myself to come on time. 11. He was quite right when he tried to do it himself. 12. It should be noted that it was A. Popov who invented radio; now it is a widely used means of mass media. 13. It is known that he is a well-known mathematician. 14. It is because of work of this standard that in the short period he has been in business he has made about £9,000; with it he has bought more equipment. 15. It was only a year ago, that he decided to get serious about computing. 16. Once an agreement was reached, it was to be kept, and the villagers, who got their land from the landlord were not free to leave it without permission. 17. It was Nikolai-Garin Mikhailovsky who in 1893 headed a survey party and chose the site for a railway bridge to cross the river Ob. 18. A business is an organization, a complex of jobs and relationships and technologies for production of goods and services. It is an impersonal ‘It’ that lives longer than any of its managers or employees. But a company is more than an ‘It’. A company is an association of real and live people. 19. At both universities there have already been radical changes in admissions policies which are making it harder for some independent school pupils to gain access – and could make it harder still in future. 20. Oxbridge has, in fact bowed to public pressure for a fairer admissions system.

II. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на оборот «there + to be». В этом обороте глагол “be” может употребляться в личной и неличной форме, в любом времени, наклонении (кроме повелительного) и с модальными глаголами. На месте глагола “be” могут использоваться и другие смысловые глаголы со значением возникновения, становления, существования, наиболее характерные для научного текста.

to appear – возникать, появляться

to exist – существовать

to follow – следовать

to live – жить

to remain – оставаться

to seem – казаться

there is – имеется, существует

there will be – будет существовать

there were – имелись, существовали

there must be – должно быть, должно существовать

there could be – могло (бы), могло бы существовать

there would be – имелось бы, могло бы существовать

there would have been – существовало бы

there being – так как существует

1. There are still a lot of problems to be solved. 2. There is one important factor to be considered. 3. There is no end to evolutionary process. 4. There were no mistakes in these calculations. 5. There is an unexplored area as big as that explored. 6. There will never be another such possibility. 7. There will be nobody who could prove it. 8. There are things that one can’t do for oneself. 9. Where there is a will (желание), there is a way out. 10. I think there will not (won’t) be many students at tomorrow’s meeting. 11. There will follow many days of hard work. 12. There might be some trouble. 13. In a village there took place an exchange of land for labour. 14. There are, in fact, those who believe that control of information stores and processing facilities may well become more important than many natural resource as a source of social and economic power. 15. There still remained much work to do. 16. There existed a great interest in this method. 17. There remains one more controversal (противоречие) phenomenon to describe. 18. There is hardly any aspect of human life that would not be affected by changes that automation will bring about. 19. There are about 10 million old-age pensioners in Gr.Britain, of whom about a million cannot live entirely independently. 20. There are some scientists who seem to be born to be scientists, whose life is devoted completely to discovering the laws of nature. 21. There is not a single branch of industry to dispense with a great number of high quality precise instruments both optical and mechanical. 22. In the UK there has been continuous monitoring and re-assessment of forestry policy to reflect changing public attitudes, and the impact of socio-economic changes such as those associated with the Common Agricultural Policy. 23. All jobs are different but there are a few similarities that link them all, the tax. 24. There comes a time for most of us when we are fed up with paying off someone else’s mortgage and we want and can afford to buy a place of our own.