V. Match a word in a with its synonym in b:

A

1) different

2) to demand

3) to continue

4) manufacture

5) to use

6) to rise

7) engine

8) to attempt

9) at present

10) merit

B

a) to go on

b) nowadays

c) to employ

d) to require

e) motor

f) to increase

g) production

h) various

i) advantage

j) to try

VI. Read the text again and find English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations.

1) отрасль техники

2) практическое применение

3) вносить огромный вклад

4) с другой стороны

5) не отставать от изменений

6) по крайней мере

7) творческая способность

8) заниматься научным исследованием

9) принимать ответственность

10) предсказывать

VII. Match the words with their definitions:

1) engineer a) a machine with moving parts that converts energy such as

heat or electricity into motion

2) engine b) careful study or investigation in order to discover new facts

or information

3) engineering c) a skilled person who designs, builds or maintains engines,

machines, bridges, railways, etc.

4) research, n d) a thing made or adapted for a particular purpose

5) device e) the practical application of scientific knowledge in the

design, building and control of machines, roads, bridges,

electrical apparatus

VIII. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones with the right information from the text and discuss your answers with a partner.

1. The engineer typifies the twenty first century.

2. Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in history.

3. The work of an engineer requires three years of university study.

4. Engineering has become a profession as a result of the increase of scientific knowledge.

5. The technologist works with abstract things and abstract objects.

6. It is easy to find the proper Russian equivalent to the term “engineering”.

7. Engineers should include a factor of safety in their design to reduce the risk of unexpected failure.

IX. Give your definition of the term “engineering”.

X. Talk about the profession of an engineer from memory using these prompts:

• to typify the twenty first century,

• to be engaged in research,

• analytical frame of mind,

• to keep up with changes,

• creative ability,

• the essential triangle,

• to make vast contribution in design and engineering,

• understanding of various processes and materials.

XI. Surf the Internet and find new information about the profession of an engineer. Make a note of it and bring your notes to the class.

Part II

I. You are going to read three texts about engineering. Decide which of the headings (16) best correspond to each text (A, B, C). Explain your choice of headings. There are some extra headings that you don't need to use.

1. Industrial revolution

2. History of mechanical engineering

3. The origin of the term “engineering”

4. Relationships with other disciplines

5. Main branches of engineering

6. Education of mechanical engineers

II. Read the texts again more slowly. For information 110 choose the appropriate text A, B, C.

1. The definition of the term “engineering”

2. The difference between scientists and engineers

3. Subdisciplinces of engineering

4. The origin of aeronautical engineering

5. The origin of the term “engineering”

6. Engineering science

7. New branches of engineering

8. The appearance of the term “civil engineering”

9. The interaction of sciences and engineering practice

10. The definition of mechanical engineering

Text A

Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying technical and scientific knowledge and utilizing natural laws and physical resources in order to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and processes that safely realize a desired objective and meet specified criteria. Engineering is defined as follows:

“The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions”.

The concept of engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent with the modern definition of engineering, exploiting basic mechanical principles to develop useful tools and objects.

The term “engineering” itself has a much more recent etymology, deriving from the word “engineer”, which itself dates back to 1325, when an engine'er (literally, one who operates an engine) originally referred to “a constructor of military engines”. In this context, now obsolete, an “engine” referred to a military machine, i.e., a mechanical device used in war (for example, a catapult). The word “engine” itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium (c. 1250), meaning “innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention.”

Later, as the design of civilian structures such as bridges and buildings matured as a technical discipline, the term “civil engineering” appeared to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline of military engineering.