Unit 11 process flow sheet: petroleum refining

1. Read and translate the international words

Industrial, motor, atmospheric, hydrogen, catalytic, reformer, octane, thermal, alkylation, amine, sulfide, hydrodesulfurization, elemental, circulating, pneumatically, collection, separator, flotation, diagram, schematic, general.

2. Read and translate the verbs

To convert into, to liquify, to wash out, to enter, to desulfurize, to upgrade, to leave, to oxidize, to process, to blend, to maintain, to treat, to reuse, to remove, to depict, to indicate, to display, to show.

3. Match the English word combinations in column A to their Russian equivalents in column B

A desalter unit naphtha hydrotreater catalytic reformer MEROX unit liquified gas storage tank Claus unit tail gas control valve substation flow sheet wastewater collection petroleum coke visbreaking atmospheric distillation сatalytic reformer isomerization

B установка каталитического риформинга атмосферная дистилляция установка Клауса висбрекинг отходящий газ регулирующий клапан установка гидроочистки бензина подстанция каталитический риформинг нефтяной кокс установка МЕРОКС технологическая схема обессоливатель резервуар-хранилище сбор сточных вод сжиженный газ изомеризация

4. Read and translate

An oil refinery is an industrial process plant where petroleum crude oil converts into high-octane motor fuel, diesel oil, liquified petroleum gases, jet aircraft fuel, kerosene, heating fuel oils, lubricating oils, asphalt and petroleum coke. Common process units which found their application in a refinery are:

• Desalter unit washes out salt from the crude oil before it enters the atmospheric distillation unit.

• Atmospheric distillation unit distills crude oil into fractions.

• Vacuum distillation unit further distills bottom residuals after atmospheric distillation.

• Naphtha hydrotreater unit uses hydrogen to desulfurize naphtha from atmospheric distillation.

• Catalytic reformer unit is used to convert the naphtha-boiling range molecules into higher octane reformate.

• Distillate hydrotreater unit desulfurizes distillates after atmospheric distillation.

• Fluid catalytic cracking unit upgrades heavier fractions into lighter, more valuable products.

• Hydrocracker unit uses hydrogen to upgrade heavier fractions into lighter, more valuable products.

• Visbreaking unit upgrades heavy residual oils by thermally cracking them into lighter, more valuable reduced viscosity products.

• MEROX unit treats LPG, kerosene or jet fuel by oxidizing mercaptans to organic disulfides.

• Coking units process very heavy residual oils into gasoline and diesel fuel, leaving petroleum coke as a residual product.

• Alkylation unit produces high-octane component for gasoline blending.

• Dimerization unit converts olefins into higher-octane gasoline blending components.

• Isomerization unit converts linear molecules to higher-octane branched molecules for blending into gasoline or feed to alkylation units.

• Steam reforming unit produces hydrogen for the hydrotreaters or hydrocrackers.

• Liquified gas storage units for propane and similar gaseous fuels use the pressure sufficient to maintain gases in liquid form.

• Storage tanks are used for crude oil and finished products.

• Amine gas treater, Claus unit, and tail gas treatment are intended for converting hydrogen sulfide from hydrodesulfurization into elemental sulfur.

• Utility units such as cooling towers for circulating cooling water, boiler plants for steam generation, instrument air systems are used for pneumatically operated control valves and an electrical substation.

• Wastewater collection and treating systems consisting of API separators, dissolved air flotation units and some type of further treatment make discharge water suitable for reuse or disposal.

• Solvent refining units use solvent such as cresol or furfural to remove unwanted, mainly asphaltenic materials from lubricating oil stock.

• Solvent dewaxing units remove the heavy waxy constituents petrolatum from vacuum distillation products.

The process flow diagram below is an example of a schematic or block flow diagram and depicts the various unit processes within a typical oil refinery.

A process flow diagram is a diagram commonly used in chemical and process engineering to indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment. The flow diagram displays the relationship between major equipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping details and designations. Another commonly-used term for a process flow diagram is a flow sheet.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery