Instrumental Methods
Spectroscopy measures the interaction of the molecules with electromagnetic radiation.
Mass spectrometry measures mass-to-charge ratio of molecules using electric and magnetic fields.
Electroanalytical methods measure the potential (volts) and/or current (amps) in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte.
Calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measure the interaction of a material and heat.
Separation processes (chromatography, electrophoresis) are used to decrease the complexity of material mixtures.
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects that cannot be seen with the unaided eye.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry
5. Answer the questions
1. What does analytical chemistry study?
2. What are the main classifications of analytical methods?
3. What is the difference between classical and instrumental methods?
4. What method do you use to determine the presence of certain materials in a compound?
5. Is microscopy a qualitative or a quantitative method?
6. What does mass spectrometer measure?
7. What properties can we measure using instrumental methods?
6. Read and translate
An optical spectrometer is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. The variable measured is most often the light intensity but could also, for instance, be the polarization state. The independent variable is usually the wavelength of the light or a unit directly proportional to the photon energy, such as wave number or electron volts, which has a reciprocal relationship to wavelength. A spectrometer is used in spectroscopy for producing spectral lines and measuring their wavelengths and intensities. Spectrometer is a term that is applied to instruments that operate over a very wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays and X-rays into the far infrared rays. The majority of spectrophotomers are used in spectral regions near the visible spectrum.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_spectrometer
7. Read and translate the text into the English language using the diagrams of atomic force microscope
Атомно-силовой микроскоп (АСМ) – это сканирующий зондовый микроскоп высокого разрешения. Принцип работы АСМ основан на регистрации силового взаимодействия между поверхностью исследуемого образца и зондом. В качестве зонда используется наноразмерное остриё, располагающееся на конце упругой консоли, называемой кантилевером. Сила, действующая на зонд со стороны поверхности, приводит к изгибу консоли. Появление возвышенностей или впадин под остриём приводит к изменению силы, действующей на зонд, а, значит, и изменению величины изгиба кантилевера. Таким образом, регистрируя величину изгиба, можно сделать вывод о рельефе поверхности.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
8. Find the Russian equivalents for the following phrases
AFM |
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an instrument of high resolution |
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operational principle |
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to be based on |
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force interaction between |
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sample surface |
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a probe |
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nanosized sharp tip |
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a deflection of the cantilever |
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a force acting to the probe |
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to cause bending of the cantilever |
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roughness of the surface |
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to lead to |
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surface geometry |
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scanning probe microscope |
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study s ample |
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9. Find the English equivalents for the following phrases
определенная часть |
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независимая переменная |
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интенсивность светового излучения |
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состояние поляризации |
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длина волны |
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прямо пропорционально энергии |
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волновое число |
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электрон-вольт |
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широкий диапазон |
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рентгеновский |
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инфракрасный |
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видимый спектр |
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прибор |
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например |
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10. Look at the diagram of a grating spectrometer and write the description of its operating principle using exercise 6 and the following verbs: to emit from, to rotate, to go to, to pass through, to reflect from, to be incident to the surface at an angle, to split, to detect.
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____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
11. Complete the description of nuclear magnetic resonance using the following words and phrases: equilibrium, range, however, as large as, nuclei, principle, methods, properties, analysis, radiation.
NMR spectroscopy, or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a spectroscopic ______________ that uses the nuclear magnetic resonance _____________ to manipulate the spin states of atomic ______________ to investigate physical and chemical ____________. Samples that are typically studied ___________ from single atoms, molecules, molecular clusters, proteins, nucleic acids, micelles and nanoparticles, up to objects ___________ humans. It manipulates the distribution of energy states by exciting the atoms with electromagnetic ____________, and observing the electromagnetic signals emitted as the high energy states relax back to an ________________state.
NMR spectroscopic techniques are used extensively for structural elucidation of natural products and for quantitative ____________ of components of complex mixtures such as body fluids. ___________, its applications are not limited to these systems; and NMR spectroscopy has been used for the study of matter in disordered, ordered and partially ordered systems such as gases, liquids, quantum fluids, superconductors, solutions, amorphous solids, crystalline solids, liquid crystals, membranes and living organisms. NMR spectroscopic methods have also found use in quantum computing.
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy
12. Match the English word combinations in column A to their Russian equivalents in column B
A |
B |
1. conductometry 2. anode 3. electric resistance 4. weak electrolyte 5. strong electrolyte 6. electrolytic dissociation 7. cross-sectional area 8. dissolved ions 9. solution 10. current 11. voltage 12. specific conductivity 13. cathode 14. salt 15. base |
a. анод b. электрическое напряжение с. электролитическая диссоциация d. растворенные ионы e. раствор f. кондуктометрия g. электросопротивление h. катод i. площадь поперечного сечения j. соль k. удельная проводимость l. слабый электролит m. основание n. электрический ток o. сильный электролит |