A Word Game.
Babbage couldn't get hundreds of them the same size
He made a computer to count everyone in America.
He thought of the slide rule.
It's like a little door for electricity.
A computer can keep a plane at the ... speed.
People moved small stones in the first counting machine.
This Scotsman from Edinburgh thought of a new way to work with numbers.
You can sit in this and learn to drive a car.
A long time ago, people wrote these instead of numbers.
10. The ... part of a computer works with numbers.
11. How many characters are these in ANSWER=658.
12. Computers were first powered by this in the 1940s.
13. Most programs are stored on one.
14. Computer games show you pictures on a ... screen.
15. First generation computers used a lot of electricity and sometimes became too ....
16. A plane's ... must work well.
17. A computer's memory ... the answer.
18. You put numbers into this part of a computer.
At one time, a counting-board was covered with sand or ... .
Everything that you tell a computer.
The name of the stones in the sand game in Oman.
Sailors once used in to tell the time.
A computer is a machine that works with ....
People who plan roads use computers to simulate the ... .
... use computers to store data about their planes.
The new number-writing was brought to Aravia from this country.
Was Napier «the brother of the computer».
The input part of a computer looks like one.
When the work is finished, the answer is sent here.
A travel ... uses a computer when you book a flight.
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31. A disk has a ... shape. ,
32. After Mohammed's time, ... armies reached India.
Answers:
1. Wheels, 2. Hollerith, 6. Abacus, 7. Napier, 8.
11. Ten, 12. Electricity, 16. Engine, 17. Stores, 1
This kind of counting only used 0 and 1.
An input system might tell you the best medicine if you are
This part tells the computer what to do and when.
3. Oughtred, 4. Transistor, 5. Right Simulator, 9. Letters, 10. Arithmetic, 13. Disk, 14. Television, 15 Hot, 18. Input, 19. Dust, 20. Data, 21. Hwalis, 22. Astrolabe, 23. Numbers, 24. Traffic, 25. Airlines, 26. India, 27. No, 28. Typewriter, 29. Output, 30. Agent, 31. Round, 32. Arab, 33. Binary, 34. Ill, 35. Control.
Outstanding Personalities in a Computer World.
The Conceptualizers
Charles Babbage Alan Turing John Von Neumann Claude Shannon
The Early Inventors
Konrad Zuse John V. Atanasoff John V. Mauchly J. Presper Eckert Howard Aiken Jay W. Forrester
The Early Entrepreneurs
Thomas J. Watson, Sr. William Norris H. Ross Perot
Making the Computer Smaller and More Powerful
William Shockley Robert Noyce Jack Kilby Marcian E. (Ted) Hoff
The Hardware Designers
(Gene Amdahl Seymour Cray (Gordon Bell
The Software Specialists
(Grace Murray Hopper
John Backus
John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz
Gary Kildall
William Gates
Dennis Ritchie and Kenneth Thompson
Daniel Bricklin
Bringing the Computer to the Masses
Nolan Bushnell Steven Jobs Adam Osborne William Millard
Computer Science Pioneer
Donald Knuth
What nationalities are these personalities? Continue the list with Russian outstanding personalities in a computer science.
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9
general-purpose computer
brain
to
solve a problem
capability
addition
subtraction
division
multiplication
exponentiation
a means
to process
variety
to calculate
to store
to produce
character
to type
concept
to define
keyboard
permanent
medium
to involve
floppy disk
hard disk
special-purpose computer
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What is a Computer. I Pre-reading tasks:
1) Answer the following questions:
What is a computer?
What functions of a computer do you know?
How does a computer accept information?
Is a computer a machine with a complex network of electronic circuits? Give your definition of a computer!
What types of computers do you know?
Can you operate a computer?
Have you got a PC at home? If "yes", then how does it effect your life?
2) Words to watch:
обрабатывать разнообразие вычислять хранить производить символ печатать понятие определять клавиатура постоянный средство, способ включать в себя гибкий диск жесткий диск компьютер для специальных целей
компьютер для общих целей ум, мозг
решать проблему способность сложение вычитание деление умножение возведение в степень средство
Reading tasks.
1) Read the text.
"What is a Computer ".
Computer is a universal instrument for processing information. Computer is a sort of electronic machine with a great variety of functions, such as calculating; storing, processing and producing information; manipulating numbers, letters and characters; typing. The word computer comes from a Latin word which means "to count".
The basic idea of a computer is that we can
make the machine do what
we want by inputting signals
that turn certain switches on
and turn others off. The
basic job of computers is the
processing of information.
For this reason, computers can be defined as devices which accept
information in the form of instructions called a program and
characters called data, perform mathematical and/or logical
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operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory. Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers However, most computers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities. First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic] operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn't feed information in and get| results back, these machines wouldn't be of much use. However, certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc.
Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use disks, and terminals. The computer's input device (which might be a card reader, a tape drive or disk drive, depending on the medium used in inputting information) reads the information into the computer.
For outputting information, two common devices used are a printer which prints the new information on paper, or a CRT display screen which shows the results on a TV-like screen.
Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: 'Who would win a war between two countries?' or 'Who is the richest person in the world?' Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another?
A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, even thousands, of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job. A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it has no originality; it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgements. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical 'brain', but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what 12
to do and gives it the appropriate information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do everything a computer can do, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.
The first computers had been only institutional, in the sense that
they were generally owned and used by companies, universities, and so on, rather than by individuals. Personal computer concepts emerged in the late 1970s.
The PCs, as originally and still defined, include not only the CPU and associated memory, but also a keyboard data entry, a cathode-ray tube, or other type of display and some permanent medium in which to store data and programs. Usually this storage medium involves a floppy disk. It may also include a hard disk which may be removable and nonremovable.
There are different kinds of computers. Some do only one job over and over again . These are special-purpose computers. But there are some computers that can do many different jobs. They are called general-purpose computers. These are the "big brains" that solve the most difficult problems of science.
Computers has changed the way people work, live and learn
around the world.