2. Find Ukrainian equivalents of the words:

1. appropriate 2. essential 3. property 4. speed 5. to create 6. to reduce 7. to require 8. to suggest 9. to transmit

A. передавати B. пропонувати C. скорочувати D. потребувати E. відповідний F. швидкість G. властивість H. створювати I. суттєвий

3. Read and translate following word-combinations into Ukrainian:

Design of large buildings

Constructions materials

To operate machinery of all types

electric power and signals

engineering problems

electronic circuits

important developments

to transmit power

to reduce power losses

communication systems

speed of computer operations

techniques of modern shipbuilding

particular requirements of production

to withstand the high temperatures

to reduce accidents

What is Engineering. Realms of Engineering.

In general, engineering is a science that deals with design, construction and operation of structures, machines, engines, and other devices. Engineer is a person who has received technical education and has a basic knowledge of other engineering field, because most engineering problems are complex and interrelated. The term engineering is difficult to translate into Ukrainian because it has a lot of meaning. Most often it is translated as: інженерна справа, техніка, машинобудування, будування. There exist the following main branches of engineering:

• Civil engineering

• Mechanical Engineering:

Engineers in this field design, test, build, and operate machinery of all types. The field is divided into:

1. machine – tools, mechanisms, materials, hydraulics and pneumatics.

2. heat as applied to engines, work and energy, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.

3. A mechanical engineer must be trained in mechanics and hydraulics, metallurgy and machine design. A mechanical engineer designs not only the machines that make products but the products themselves.

• Electrical and Electronics Engineering

• Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering

• Communications and Control

• Computers engineering

• Naval Engineering

• Nuclear Engineering

• Safety Engineering

• Chemical Engineering:

This branch of engineering is concerned with the design, construction, and management of factories in which the essential processes consist of chemical reactions. It is mainly involved with the manufacture and properties of materials such as fuels, plastics, rubber, explosives, paints and cleaners.

The chemical engineer is well grounded in both basic and engineering chemistry and apart the production of special materials, may be involved in such areas, as combustion, recycling of waste products, and air and water pollution. The task of the chemical engineer is to select and specify the design that will best meet the particular requirements of production for the new applications.

Ask a number of people chosen at random what the word “engineering” conveys to them and you will be surprised at the differences in their answers. Better still, ask a number of students of engineering college why they have chosen to study for the engineering profession. It soon becomes clear that few have given it much thought or inquired in any depth it much thought or inquired in any depth as to what it is all about. A student may feel, because of his ability to fix automobiles, that he has a mechanical bent and that he could well become a successful engineer as a result of this aptitude.

However, he should realize that what he learns at the university will not help much around the garage and he is more likely to end up behind a desk than with a wrench in his hand. The question is difficult to clarify in a few words, and precise definitions are difficult to find. Perhaps an adequate starting paint would be to claim that engineering is a profession concerned with the application of the resources of the universe to create devices, system, and structures to satisfy the needs of mankind. This is a very general and not completely satisfactory definition. After all, craftsmen who make violins, for example, do not look on themselves as engineers. Further, many engineers are engaged in task not clearly identifiable with particular devices, systems or structures. An easy out is to let the existing curricula in engineering college around the country define the substance of engineering. Undoubtedly, the people who use the concepts and techniques presented in such curricula to satisfy man’s needs are mostly engineers. The usual structure of engineering curricula includes four main components. First come the basic sciences of physics, chemistry, and mathematics. Then a block of humanities courses is required. The engineering courses fall in the general areas of mechanics of solids, properties of materials, mechanics of fluids, thermodynamics, electrical science, and system. Finally come the design courses which put it all together. It is this design discipline which exemplifies engineering in action, for it illustrates how engineers solve practical problems by applying their scientific knowledge and skill in the decision-making process. This is how engineers adapt science to human needs.