- •Irina gorbacheva
- •To my first and very special teacher of Phonetics
- •Contents
- •General preface
- •B. Glossary to “Drills”.
- •I. Introductory Notes.
- •I.1. Rp is the way to be received in the best circles of society.
- •I.2. Conscious Approach.
- •Figure 1: Dorsal pronunciation manner.
- •Figure 2: Apical pronunciation manner.
- •I.3. Some principal differences between Russian and English articulation.
- •I.4 Some phonetic phenomena common for both languages:
- •I.5 The articulators and principal resonators of the speech mechanism.
- •Figure 8: Active and passive organs of speech.
- •I.6 Phoneme and allophone.
- •I.7 Classification of English Phonemes.
- •Figure 9 :The System of English Consonants
- •I.8 Aspiration
- •I.9 The duration of vowels.*
- •[ Ί ] in “seed” [ ί ] in “seat”
- •Figure 15: [ ] in “cod” and [ ] in “cot”.
- •I.10 Key to phonetic symbols
- •I.11 Allophonic signs
- •II. Phonetic drills lax, front, closed, unrounded
- •Weak, forelingual ( alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, oral sonant (lateral)
- •Tense, front ,closed, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual(alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Weak, forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Lax, front, open, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong* , bilabial, occlusive ,noise
- •Contrast [ p1 ] – [ p2 ] – [ p3 ]
- •Weak, bilabial, occlusive, noise
- •Bilabial, occlusive, nasal, sonant*
- •Polysyllabic organization of words
- •Tense, back, open, unrounded
- •Tense, back, mid-open, rounded
- •Lax, back, open, rounded
- •Strong*, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Contrast [ k1 ] – [ k2 ] – [ k3 ]
- •Weak, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Strong, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Veal leave obvious
- •Loss of plosion*
- •Lateral plosion*
- •Nasal plosion*
- •Pharyngeal, constrictive, noise, voiceless
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded(“schwa”)
- •Tense, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Strong, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Lax, back, closed, rounded
- •Tense, back, closed, rounded
- •Medialingual, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Forelingual(cacuminal), constrictive, oral sonant
- •Weak, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual, occlusive (palato-alveolar), noise
- •Weak, forelingual (palato-alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Lax, front(glide is central, mid-open), closed, unrounded diphthong
- •Contrast / ί / - / /
- •Lax, front, half-open (glide is closed), unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front (glide is central, mid-open), open, unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front, open (glide is closed) , unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded diphthong (glide is back, closed)
- •Lax, central, half-open, rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, closed, (glide is central and mid-open) rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, open(glide is front and closed), rounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded triphthong
- •Bilabial, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Lax, back, open, rounded triphthong
- •Backlingual, occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Appendix a glossary to “general preface” and “introductory notes”
- •Appendix b glossary to “drills”
- •References:
- •Keys to the last test:
- •Качество гласного склонно к измене
Weak, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
/ /
▼ ▼
[ <w ] [ >w ]
thee seethe
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the tip and rims of the tongue make a light contact with the edge and inner surface of the upper incisors and a former contact with the upper side teeth, so that the air escaping between the forward surface of the tongue and the incisors causes friction. With some speakers, the tongue-tip may protrude through the teeth. For / / the friction may be voiced according to its situation.
-
then
thee
them
thus
these
than
this
paths(pl.)
seethe
mother
gather
father
teethe
other
* Dental allophones of /n/ and /l/:[ nω ] and [ lω ]. See page.33.
DRILL 41
CONTRAST / / - / / - / /
-
four - thaw – saw
fill – thill – sill
feme – theme – seem
fawn – thorn – sawn
fort – thought – sort
laugh – lath - last
deaf – death - desk
calf - path - pass
miff – myth - miss
Norfolk – north – Norse
DRILL 42
Lax, back, closed, rounded
/ /
▼ ▼
[‾ ] [ ˅ ]
good put
pull
This vowel is pronounced with a part of the tongue nearer to centre than to back raised just above the half-close position; the tongue is laxly held (compared with the tense / /), no firm contact being made between the tongue and the upper molars. The lips are closely but loosely rounded.
-
could
put
should
hook
bull
took
pull
book
look
bush
shook
full
pullet
bully
hood – hook
could – cook
DRILL 43
Tense, back, closed, rounded
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ‾ ] [ ˅ ]
coo coop
cool
lose
This vowel is articulated with a part of the tongue which is tense and advanced from true back; no firm contact is made between the tongue and the upper molars. The lips tend to be closely rounded.
-
do
who
boon
boot
tool
moon
pooh
poop
boom
food
noose
loon
booth
coot
doom
tooth
booze
loose
doodle
bootless
DRILL 44
CONTRAST [ ‾ ] - [ ˅ ]
-
coo – coop
pooh – poop
loo – loop
Sue – soup
shoe – shoot
boo - boot
hoove - hoof
noon - noose
lose - loose
lube – loop
DRILL 45
CONTRAST / / - / /
-
full – fool
pull – pool
fully – foolish
hook - hoop
hood - hoodoo
look – lucre
DRILL 46