- •Irina gorbacheva
- •To my first and very special teacher of Phonetics
- •Contents
- •General preface
- •B. Glossary to “Drills”.
- •I. Introductory Notes.
- •I.1. Rp is the way to be received in the best circles of society.
- •I.2. Conscious Approach.
- •Figure 1: Dorsal pronunciation manner.
- •Figure 2: Apical pronunciation manner.
- •I.3. Some principal differences between Russian and English articulation.
- •I.4 Some phonetic phenomena common for both languages:
- •I.5 The articulators and principal resonators of the speech mechanism.
- •Figure 8: Active and passive organs of speech.
- •I.6 Phoneme and allophone.
- •I.7 Classification of English Phonemes.
- •Figure 9 :The System of English Consonants
- •I.8 Aspiration
- •I.9 The duration of vowels.*
- •[ Ί ] in “seed” [ ί ] in “seat”
- •Figure 15: [ ] in “cod” and [ ] in “cot”.
- •I.10 Key to phonetic symbols
- •I.11 Allophonic signs
- •II. Phonetic drills lax, front, closed, unrounded
- •Weak, forelingual ( alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, oral sonant (lateral)
- •Tense, front ,closed, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual(alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Weak, forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Lax, front, open, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong* , bilabial, occlusive ,noise
- •Contrast [ p1 ] – [ p2 ] – [ p3 ]
- •Weak, bilabial, occlusive, noise
- •Bilabial, occlusive, nasal, sonant*
- •Polysyllabic organization of words
- •Tense, back, open, unrounded
- •Tense, back, mid-open, rounded
- •Lax, back, open, rounded
- •Strong*, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Contrast [ k1 ] – [ k2 ] – [ k3 ]
- •Weak, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Strong, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Veal leave obvious
- •Loss of plosion*
- •Lateral plosion*
- •Nasal plosion*
- •Pharyngeal, constrictive, noise, voiceless
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded(“schwa”)
- •Tense, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Strong, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Lax, back, closed, rounded
- •Tense, back, closed, rounded
- •Medialingual, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Forelingual(cacuminal), constrictive, oral sonant
- •Weak, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual, occlusive (palato-alveolar), noise
- •Weak, forelingual (palato-alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Lax, front(glide is central, mid-open), closed, unrounded diphthong
- •Contrast / ί / - / /
- •Lax, front, half-open (glide is closed), unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front (glide is central, mid-open), open, unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front, open (glide is closed) , unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded diphthong (glide is back, closed)
- •Lax, central, half-open, rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, closed, (glide is central and mid-open) rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, open(glide is front and closed), rounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded triphthong
- •Bilabial, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Lax, back, open, rounded triphthong
- •Backlingual, occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Appendix a glossary to “general preface” and “introductory notes”
- •Appendix b glossary to “drills”
- •References:
- •Keys to the last test:
- •Качество гласного склонно к измене
Weak, forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, noise
/ /
▼ ▼
[ z<w ] [ z >w ]
zeal tease
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the tip and blade of the tongue make a light contact with the upper alveolar ridge, and the side rims of the tongue form a close contact with the upper side teeth. The air-stream escapes by means of a narrow groove in the centre of the tongue and causes friction between the tongue and the alveolar ridge. There is some vocal fold vibration according to its situation. The lip position will depend upon the adjacent vowel.
-
Zen
zee
zest
zeal
ease
tease
easy
seize
easel
zeal – leas (pl.)
zee - ease
sip - zip
DRILL 7
/ / - / /
-
dill – dell
sit – set
nil –Nell
knit – net
till - tell
tin - ten
lid – lead (n.)
lit - let
DRILL 8
Lax, front, open, unrounded
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ‾ ] [ ˅ ]
lad lap
The mouth is more open than for / e /; the front of the tongue is raised just below the half-open position, with the side rims making a very slight contact with the back upper molars; the lips are neutrally open.
-
tan
dad
lad
tally
tansy
sassy
natty
sad
land
stand
tans (pl.)
as - ass
sad - sat
add - at
DRILL 9
CONTRAST / / - / /
-
end – and
led – lad
send – sand
ten – tan
set – sat
dead – dad
said – sad
tend - tanned
net - natty
test - tassel
less - lass
den - Dan
send(s) – sand(s)
lend(s) – land(s)
DRILL 10
CONTRAST / / - / /
-
t” – “d:”
tin – din
ten – den
Tim – dim
till – dill
tan – Dan
tell – dell
teen – dean
net - Ned
set - said
let – lead(n.)
tint – tinned
sent - send
tent - tend
lent - lend
seat – seed
DRILL 11
Strong, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ← ] [ →]
shall lash
The soft palate being raised and the nasal resonator shut off, the tip and blade of the tongue make a light contact with the alveolar ridge, the front of the tongue being raised at the same time in the direction of the hard palate and the side rims of the tongue being in contact with the upper side teeth.
-
shed
sheet
shin
shall
sheen
shell
shinny
sheeny
leash
dash
sash
dishes(pl.)
lashes(pl.)
shall – lash
shad – dash
sham – mash
DRILL 12