- •Irina gorbacheva
- •To my first and very special teacher of Phonetics
- •Contents
- •General preface
- •B. Glossary to “Drills”.
- •I. Introductory Notes.
- •I.1. Rp is the way to be received in the best circles of society.
- •I.2. Conscious Approach.
- •I.3. Some principal differences between Russian and English articulation.
- •Figure 1: Dorsal pronunciation manner.
- •Figure 2: Apical pronunciation manner.
- •I.4 Some phonetic phenomena common for both languages:
- •I.5 The articulators and principal resonators of the speech mechanism.
- •Figure 8: Active and passive organs of speech.
- •I.6 Phoneme and allophone.
- •I.7 Classification of English Phonemes.
- •Figure 9 :The System of English Consonants
- •I.8 Aspiration
- •I.9 The duration of vowels.*
- •[ Ί ] in “seed” [ ί ] in “seat”
- •Figure 15: [ ] in “cod” and [ ] in “cot”.
- •I.10 Key to phonetic symbols
- •I.11 Allophonic signs
- •II. Phonetic drills lax, front, closed, unrounded
- •Weak, forelingual ( alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Forelingual (alveolar), occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, oral sonant (lateral)
- •Tense, front ,closed, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual(alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Weak, forelingual (alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Lax, front, open, unrounded
- •Strong, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong* , bilabial, occlusive ,noise
- •Contrast [ p1 ] – [ p2 ] – [ p3 ]
- •Weak, bilabial, occlusive, noise
- •Bilabial, occlusive, nasal, sonant*
- •Polysyllabic organization of words
- •Tense, back, open, unrounded
- •Tense, back, mid-open, rounded
- •Lax, back, open, rounded
- •Strong*, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Contrast [ k1 ] – [ k2 ] – [ k3 ]
- •Weak, backlingual, occlusive, noise
- •Strong, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, labio-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Veal leave obvious
- •Loss of plosion*
- •Lateral plosion*
- •Nasal plosion*
- •Pharyngeal, constrictive, noise, voiceless
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Lax, central, mid-open, unrounded(“schwa”)
- •Tense, central, mid-open, unrounded
- •Strong, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Weak, lingua-dental, constrictive, noise
- •Lax, back, closed, rounded
- •Tense, back, closed, rounded
- •Medialingual, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Forelingual(cacuminal), constrictive, oral sonant
- •Weak, forelingual (post-alveolar), constrictive, noise
- •Strong, forelingual, occlusive (palato-alveolar), noise
- •Weak, forelingual (palato-alveolar), occlusive, noise
- •Lax, front(glide is central, mid-open), closed, unrounded diphthong
- •Contrast / ί / - / /
- •Lax, front, half-open (glide is closed), unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front (glide is central, mid-open), open, unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, front, open (glide is closed) , unrounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded diphthong (glide is back, closed)
- •Lax, central, half-open, rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, closed, (glide is central and mid-open) rounded diphthong
- •Lax, back, open(glide is front and closed), rounded diphthong
- •Lax, central, open, unrounded triphthong
- •Bilabial, constrictive, oral sonant
- •Lax, back, open, rounded triphthong
- •Backlingual, occlusive, nasal sonant
- •Appendix a glossary to “general preface” and “introductory notes”
- •Appendix b glossary to “drills”
- •References:
- •Keys to the last test:
- •Качество гласного склонно к измене
Lax, front(glide is central, mid-open), closed, unrounded diphthong
/
▼ ▼
[ ‾ ] [ ˅ ]
fear fierce
The glide of RP / / begins with a tongue position approximately that used for / /, i.e. centralized front half-close, and moves in the direction of more open variety of/ / when/ / is final in the word; in non-final positions, e.g. in beard, fierce, the glide may not be so extensive, the quality of the [ ] element being of a mid type. The lips are neutral throughout, with a slight movement from spread to open.
-
tear
clear
dearest
nearer
period
obvious
steer
severe
shear
really
engineer
industrious
xenial
volunteer
experience
theatre
-
fear – fierce
rear – serious
pier – pierce
dear - tedious
DRILL 54
Contrast / ί / - / /
-
fee – fear
bee – beard
knee – near
“v” – veer
he – hear
ye – year
“b” – beer
tea – tear
she – shear
piece – pierce
see – sear
lee – Lear
steel – steer
cleave – clear
DRILL 55
Lax, front, half-open (glide is closed), unrounded diphthong
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ‾ ] [ ˅ ]
day date
The glide begins from slightly below the half-close front position and moves in the direction of RP / /, there being a slight closing movement of the lower jaw; the lips are spread.
-
say
today
fame
veil
laid
page
raise
fate
complain
faint
bathe
trade – trait
bade - bate
pay - pace
lays - lace
“a” - ape
laid - late
phase - face
raise - race
made - mate
bays - base
grade – great
DRILL 56
CONTRAST / / - / /
ledger – leisure pledget - pleasure
college – collage budget – bougie
magic – measure lodge - luge
grudge – garage sledge – leisure
message – massage management - measurement
DRILL 57
Lax, front (glide is central, mid-open), open, unrounded diphthong
/ /
▼ ▼
[ ‾ ] [ ˅ ]
scare scarce
The glide of RP / / begins in the half-open front position, and moves in the direction of the more open variety of / /, especially when the diphthong is final; where / / occurs in a syllable closed by a consonant, the [ ] element tends to be of a mid [ ] type. The lips are neutrally open throughout.
In popular London speech, / / tends to start at a point slightly lower than [ e ], i.e. slightly below half-close.
A feature of conservative and advanced RP is an even greater opening of the first element of / /.
-
stair - staircase
air - airport
care - careful
bear - bearskin
fair - fair-spoken
share - share-pusher
scare - scarce
bare - barefoot
pair - pair-horse
there - therefore
hair - hair-cut
chair - chair-car
DRILL 58