Vocabulary

1. Read the paragraph.

These days not even many politi­cians deny that the oceans are ill. Protecting the health of coastal waters is now a matter of national policy in dozens of countries and world leaders are beginning to pre­scribe a revolutionary remedy that conser­vationists have been promoting for years: marine planning and zoning.

The idea is a natural extension of man­agement policies that have guided the de­velopment of cities and landscapes for nearly a century. Zoning advocates envision a mo­saic of regional maps in which every wa­tery space on the planet is designated for a particular purpose. Drilling and mining would be allowed only in certain parts of the ocean; fishing in others. The most crit­ically threatened areas would be virtually off-limits.

Whereas people can easily find maps telling them what they can do where on land, the marine realm is a hodgepodge of rules emanating from an army of agencies, each one managing a single use or symp­tom. In the U.S., for example, some 20 fed­eral agencies tend to make de­cisions without regard to what the others are doing. Imagine all of the medical specialists visiting a pa­tient in intensive care one at a time and never talking to one another. It's a wonder that the oceans aren't in worse shape than they are now.

2. Find Russian equivalents of the underlined parts.

3. Translate the text above.

Appendix 1.

Grammar

1. Время и времена

Различные формы глагола в английском языке называются временами.

В английском языке принято различать двенадцать временных форм, большинство из которых имеют также пассивную форму.

Английские временные формы включают два значимых элемента: time (время) и aspect (вид).

Time

Present

Simple I study

Continuous I am studying

Perfect I have studied

Perfect Continuous I have been studying

Past

Simple I studied

Continuous I was studying

Perfect I had studied

Perfect Continuous I had been studying

Future

Simple I will study

Continuous I will be studying

Perfect I will have studied

Perfect Continuous I will have been studying

Simple

Понятие Simple подразумевает законченное действие, рассматриваемое в целом.

Здесь мы часто имеем дело с фактами.

We live in the Universe.

I studied a lot of subject at the University.

I will write a candidate paper on this subject.

Чтобы задать вопрос к предложениям в Present Simple, для третьего лица единственного числа используется вспомогательный глагол does.

Does you experiment refer to computer science?

В остальных лицах и числах данного времени используется глагол do.

Do other post-graduates make the same experiment?

What field of physics do you specialize in?

When do you usually start work?

В Past Simple для всех лиц и чисел используется глагол did.

Did you study in University last year?

When did he graduate?

Вопрос к подлежащему задается без вспомогательного глагола.

What makes your think so?

Who consulted your about your diploma work?

Continuous

to be + Ving

1. Формы глагола, относящиеся к группе Continuous (длительных) используются для описания действий, происходящих /происходивших в течение какого-то периода времени.

Сейчас:

I know you are doing an English course.

В определенный момент в прошлом:

At that time we were conducting an interesting experiment.

В течение какого-то периода времени:

I’ve been trying to phone you.

В определенный момент в будущем:

When the lecture is over, we’ll be waiting for your outside.

2. Мы можем рассматривать ситуацию как:

а) временную,

We’re living in the countryside while our flat is being decorated.

b) относящуюся к какому-то периоду времени,

At 8 o’clock he was still working in the lab.

c) связанную с изменениями или развитием,

Scientists say that the world climate is changing.

The situation was getting worse every day.

d) незавершенную.

I was working in the lab when you called.

I’ve been writing a paper on this subject. (but haven’t finished it)

Continuous Infinitive

При употреблении продолженной формы инфинитива в сочетании с модальными глаголами значение последних может меняться.

a) They may be discussing this question. .

(Возможно, они обсуждают этот вопрос.)

They may discuss this question.

(Они могут обсудить этот вопрос.)

b) He cannot be making such experiment.

(Не может быть, чтобы он проводил такой эксперимент.)

He cannot make such experiment.

(Он не может провести такой эксперимент.)

State Verbs

В английском языке глаголы иногда условно делятся на action verbs (глаголы действия) и state verbs (глаголы состояния).

State verbs как правило, не употребляются в Continuous.

Эти глаголы можно подразделить на группы:

Verbs of thinking and opinions

• believe, think, understand, suppose, expect;

• agree, doubt , know, remember, forget;

• mean, imagine, realize, deserve, prefer.

Verbs of emotions and feelings

• like, love, hate, care, hope, wish, want, admit.

Verbs of having and being

• be, belong, own, have, possess, contain, cost, seem, appear;

• need, depend on, weigh, come from, resemble.

Verbs of senses

• look, hear, taste, smell, feel, see.

Если вышеперечисленные глаголы используются в Continuous, они становятся своего рода глаголами действия.

Глагол to be , употребленный в форме Continuous, обозначает действие, носящее временный характер, и предполагает целенаправленное усилие.

Attempts are being made to cope with this problem.

Другие глаголы, будучи употребленными Continuous, меняют свое значение.

It looks/appears quite possible. The scientist is looking at the screen.

He can see a bright light. He is seeing his scientific adviser this morning.

I think you are right. I am thinking of changing the specialization.

He has a lot of work to do. He is having an interview with his chief..

It weighs 60gr and measures 10 sm. He is weighing and measuring the sample.

This detail doesn’t fit the device. He is fitting the new detail.

Perfect

to have + Ved/V3

Перфектные формы глагола используются, когда нужно связать два времени. Рассматривается действие, отнесенное по времени в прошлое относительно момента рассмотрения.