Writing a paper

1. Make sentences.

Ex: If dinosaurs were still alive, our planet would look different.

If …… were ……. the Universe would….

If ……. had been .. we could…..

In case … scientists might….

Unless….. the Earth

2. Write several conditional sentences.

Ex: Had we had that instrument then, we would have got more accurate result.

Could…

Should…

Were… (для настоящего времени)

Had… ( для прошедшего времени)

3. Write a paragraph on the subject of your research. Include 4–5 conditional sentences.

Part III

Vocabulary

1. Read the following.

It seems plausible that intelligent life requires some form of organic chemistry, which is by definition the chemistry that involves carbon. The chemical properties of carbon follow from the fact that its nucleus has an electric charge of 6, so that six electrons orbit in a neutral carbon atom. These properties allow carbon to form an immense variety of complex molecules. Furthermore, for complex organic molecules to form, elements with the chemistry of hydrogen (charge 1) and oxygen (charge 8) need to be present. To see if they could maintain organic chemistry, then, the team had to calculate whether nuclei of

charge 1, 6 or 8 would decay radioactively before they could participate in chemical

reactions.

The stability of a nucleus partly depends on its mass, which in turn depends on the masses of the baryons it is made of. Computing the masses of baryons and nuclei starting from the masses of the quarks is extremely challenging even in our universe. But after tweaking the

intensity of the interaction between quarks, one can use the baryon masses measured in our universe to estimate how small changes to the masses of the quarks would affect the masses of nuclei.

In our world, the neutron is roughly 0.1 percent heavier than the proton. If the masses of the quarks were changed so that the neutron became 2 percent heavier than the proton, no long-lived form of carbon or oxygen would exist. If quark masses were adjusted to make the proton heavier than the neutron, then the proton in a hydrogen nucleus would capture the surrounding electron and turn into a neutron, so that hydrogen atoms could not exist for very long. But deuterium or tritium might still be stable, and so would some forms of oxygen and carbon. Indeed, we found that only if the proton became heavier than the neutron by more than about 1 percent would there cease to be some stable form of hydrogen.

2. Translate the word combinations in bold type.

2. Find an equivalent of the word combination follow from the fact that.

3. Answer the questions.

1. Should we translate the word fact into Russian?

2. Why is the word one used in the sentence?

4. Translate the sentences.

a)

1. To appreciate the significance of such an event, one needs to recognize that scientists have spent the past 40 years building a magnificent theoretical house of cards

2. One can think of scheduling information associated with an interface as an extension of the usual type signature of a module.

3. The shape of the device is similar to one described in July by a group from the California Institute of Technology.

4. One can think of scheduling information associated with an interface as an extension of the usual type signature of a module.

b)

1. Gradually these primitive drawings turned into letters.

2. The spread of ideas was rapid, and led in its turn to the writing of more books.

Any situation you can set up in a time travel story turns out to permit many consistent situations.

3. Soon, many surgeons could be turning to nanotechnology and performing delicate tasks by remotely controlling tiny robots, similar in size to a grain of rice, that could travel through the body.

4. When one of the particles is stressed enough to sip, the slip propagates to adjacent patches, which rupture in turn like falling dominoes.

5. Changing the quark masses will inevitably affect which baryons and which atomic nuclei can exist without decaying quickly. In turn, the different assortment of atomic nuclei will affect chemistry.

6. As it turns out, these new ideas have implications for cosmology that are as important as the original idea of the hot big bang

c)

1. This "control flow" approach would be replaced by a "data flow" model in which the operations are executed in an order resulting only from the interdependences of the data.

2. In common parlance, the term “greenhouse effect” may be used to refer either to the natural greenhouse effect, due to naturally occering greenhouse gases, or to anthropogenic greenhouse effect, which results from gasses emitted as a result of human activities.

3. There are many theories as to what will result from these collisions, but what's for sure is that a brave new world of physics will emerge from the new accelerator

4. Higher temperatures and changes in precipitation result in pressure on yields from important crops in much of the world.

5. The fast rate of rotation and the planet’s gaseous composition create unusually flat poles, and result in bulges at the equator.

6. These factors arise mainly as a result of the nonlinearity of Einsteinian equations, and detailed studies of collapse models imply that gravity can be arbitrarily large and dense in a stellar collapse but still not inescapable.

d)

1. The hundreds of rings orbiting around Saturn are made up of billions of ice and rock particles, with sizes ranging from small debris to chunks as big as houses.

2. The ones and zeros that make up the data set are first split into two-dimensional pages of data lines of light and dark pixels displayed on a screen.

5. Make sentences.

Matter students

The group is atoms

The galaxy are made (up) of particles

Atoms stars

The system elements

LESSON 10