План заняття

І Організаційний момент. Привітання

II. Перевірка домашнього завдання.

ІІІ. Основна частина.

Читання тексту (пошукове)

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature; there exist partial translations of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2000 BCE) into Southwest Asian languages of the second millennium BCE.

Translators always risk inappropriate spill-over of source-language idiom and usage into the target-language translation. On the other hand, spill-overs have imported useful source-language calques and loanwords that have enriched the target languages. Indeed, translators have helped substantially to shape the languages into which they have translated.

Due to the demands of business documentation consequent to the Industrial Revolution that began in the mid-18th century, some translation specialties have become formalized, with dedicated schools and professional associations.

Because of the laboriousness of translation, since the 1940s engineers have sought to automate translation (machine translation) or to mechanically aid the human translator (computer-assisted translation). The rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated language localization.

Translation studies systematically study the theory and practice of translation

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Road transport

Goods which need careful handling, such as fruit, are often sent by road, as they only need to be loaded and unloaded once. Normally they are sent as general cargo. The carrier responsible for transporting goods by road is the haulage company.

Advantages and disadvantages of road transport

It is very fast over short distances.

The extensive road network means that most destinations can be reached.

It is relatively secure — even valuable items such as cash reserves can be transported by specialist companies

Door-to-door transportation minimises the need for handling — goods only have to be loaded and unloaded once

Only small quantities can be transported.

There is a relatively high risk of accidents and delays through traffic jams.

It is expensive and time-consuming over longer distances; intercontinental transportation is virtually impossible.

Another advantage of sending goods by road (although it is also possible with other means of transport) is the opportunity of using a grouped consignment service. If a trader only has a small quantity of cargo to send, he can collaborate with other sellers with small consignments all going to the same destination. The various part consignments are then sent together as one whole consignment, which reduces the transport costs for everybody involved. One of the people who organises grouped consignments is the forwarding agent. He is the intermediary between the buyer, seller and carriers. Other servics which he provides are delivering goods from the seller to the carrier, transporting goods with his own lorries, arranging special packaging and providing storage space for goods which are to be dispatched at a later date.

The transport documents essential to road transport are the international consignment note (CMR) if a haulage company is used, and the Forwarding Agent's Certificate of Receipt (FCR) for transportation by a forwarding agent.

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Заняття № 23