I. Phonetics

1. Прочитайте слова. Обратите внимание на чтение выделенных букв

hydration hydrated dehydration

extra excluding exercise

humid humidity consume impurity

diet dietary dietician

II. LEXICS

1. Составьте предложения из предложенных слов.

1. prescribed / the doctor / the patient / a / diet / special

2. humn / vitamins / health / important / play / an / part / in

3. food / present / are / kinds / vitamins / in / all / of

4. are / winter / often / vitamins A,D,C / called / vitamins

5. need / people / physical work / of / mental work / more / food / people / of / than

2. Подставьте пропущенные предлоги.

from of into with in (2) to (2) by

(1) ............... addition to protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and water it is essential that our diet contains small amounts (2)............. substances called vitamins. The living organism is unable to manufacture them (3) ............. itself. Therefore it has to get them (4) ............. other sources, namely foods we eat.

Vitamins are believed to belong (5) .............. ancient organic compounds which took part (6) ............. building up primary organisms together (7) ............... nucleic and amino acids. They are not chemically related and they are classified according (8) .............. their solubility (9) ................ two groups: water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.

III. Reading

1. Прочитайте текст.

The human body contains from 55% to 78% water, depending on body size. To function properly, the body requires between one and seven liters of water per day to

avoid dehydration. The precise amount depends on the activity, temperature, humidity, and other factors. Most of water is taken with foods or drunk as tea, coffee or some drinks. It is not clear how much water intake is needed by healthy people, though most specialists agree that approximately 2 liters (6 to 7 glasses) of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration. Medical literature favours a lower consumption, 1 liter of water for an average male, excluding extra requirements due to fluid loss from exercise or warm weather.

It is rather difficult to drink too much water, but it is dangerous to drink too little in warm humid weather and while exercising. People can drink far more water than necessary while exercising, to prevent water intoxication, which can be fatal. The popular claim that "a person should consume eight glasses of water per day" seems to have no real basis in science. The latest dietary reference intake report by the United States National Research Council in general recommended (including food sources): 3.7 liters for men and 2.7 liters of water total for women. Pregnant and breastfeeding women need additional fluids to stay hydrated. Pregnant women should increase intake to 2.9 liters (12 cups) and breastfeeding women should get 3.2 liters (14 cups), since an especially large amount of fluid is lost during nursing. It is also noted that normally, about 20% of water intake comes from food, while the rest comes from drinking water and beverages. Water is excreted from the body in multiple forms. With physical exertion and heat exposure, water loss will increase and daily fluid needs may increase as well.

Humans require water with few impurities. Common impurities include metal salts and oxides of copper, iron, calcium and lead, and/or harmful bacteria, Some solutes are acceptable and even desirable for taste enhancement and to provide needed electrolytes.

2. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. How much water does a human body contain?

2. Where do we take 20% of water from?

3. How much additional water should we take daily?

4. Why should breastfeeding women increase water intake?

5. Do humans require pure water? Why not?

IV. GRAMMAR

DETERMINERS

I. Much и many (много) в современном английском языке в основном используют в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях.

We didn’t spend much money.

Do you know many people here?

В утвердительных предложениях чаще всего употребляются их синонимичные обороты: a lot of / lots of / plenty of, которые можно использовать как с

неисчисляемыми, так и с исчисляемыми существительными.

a lot of luck a lot of friends

lots of time lots of people

plenty of money plenty of ideas

He goes out a lot.

Сочетание plenty of имеет значение «много; более, чем достаточно».

There’s no need to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time.

В утвердительных предложениях many и much обычно используют в сочетании с too (слишком) и so (так).

We have spent too much money.

Местоимения few и little ( мало) имеют еще одну форму: a few и a little. Без артикля их значение имеет отрицательный оттенок: «мало; почти нисколько).

We must be quick. There’s little time.

He isn’t popular. He has few friends.

A little и a few имеют более положительное значение: «немного; несколько; некоторое количество».

Let’s go and have a cup of coffee. We’ve got a little time before the train leaves.

Однако в сочетании с наречием only они приобретают отрицательное значение.

The village was very small. There were only a few houses.

We must be quick. We’ve only got a little time.

Местоимения much и little / a litle употребляются с неисчисляемыми существительными.

much time little energy

much luck little money

Местоимения many и few / a few сочетаются с существительными во множественном числе.

many friends few cars

many people few countries

II. Each и every похожи по значению: «каждый». Часто в предложении можно использовать как то, так и другое.

Each time / Every time I see you? you look different.

Но each чаще используют, когда речь идет о небольшом количестве объектов, о «каждом в отдельности».

Study each sentence carefully.

Every употребляют, когда, говоря «каждый», подразумевают «все вместе».

Carol loves reading. She had read every book in the library.

Every используют также тогда, когда говорят о том, как часто что-то происходит.

There’s a bus every ten minutes.

В отличие от each, которое может употребляться самостоятельно, every может не иметь при себе существительного, но тогда используется местоимение one.

None of the rooms was the same. Each was different.

I have read every one of those books.

Существует два варианта сочетания корней every и one: everyone и every one. Everyone употребляют только тогда, когда говорят о людях. Every one можно использовать как для людей, так и для предметов.

Everyone enjoyed the party. (= everybody)

He was invited to lots of parties and he goes to every one.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1. Подставьте вместо пропусков much / many / few / little/

1. Ann is very busy these days. She has ................... free time.

2. Did you take ...................... photographs when you were on holiday?

3. I’m not very busy today. I haven’t .................... to do.

4. The museum was very crowded. There were too .................. people.

5. Most of the town is modern. There are ............... old buildings.

2. В некоторые предложения нужно добавить “a”.

1. She’s lucky. She has few problems.

2. Things are not going so well for her. She has few problems.

3. Can you lend me few dollars?

4. I can’t give you a decision yet. I need little time to think.

5. There was little traffic, so the journey didn’t take very long.

6. It was a surprise that he won the match. Few people expected him to win.

7. I don’t know much Spanish – only few words.

3. Подставьте в предложения little / a little, few / a few.

1. We must be quick. We have ................... time.

2. Listen carefully. I’m going to give you ................... advice.

3. Do you mind if I ask you ....................... questions?

4. This town is not a very interesting place to visit, so ................. tourists come here.

5. I don’t think Jill would be a good teacher. She’s got .................. patience.

6. This is a very boring place to live. There’s ..................... to do.

7. – Have you ever been to Paris?

- Yes, I’ve been there .................... times.

4. Подставьте в предложения each или every.

1. There were four books on the table. .................. book was a different colour.

2. The Olympic Games are held ...................... four years.

3. ................... parent worries about their children.

4. In a game of tennis there are two or four players. ................... player has a racket.

5. Nicola plays volleyball ........................ Thursday evening.

6. I understood most of what they said but not ................... word.

7. The book is divided into five parts and .................. of these has three sections.