- •The Syntactic Field of a Sentence.
- •Act of Locution: He said to me “Entertain her!” Act of Illocution: He urged (or advised, ordered, etc) me to entertain her. Act of Perlocution: He persuaded me to entertain her.
- •In which illocutionary acts differ one from another.
- •C ↑ I (s does a)
- •1. Student X: Let's go to the movies tonight.
- •2. Student y: I have to study for an exam.
- •6. I have to tie my shoes.
- •7. I have to study for an exam, but let's go to the movies anyhow or;
- •8. I have to study for an exam, but I'll do it when we get home from the movies.
- •1) I apologize for stepping on your toe.
- •I congratulate you on winning the race.
- •In general the form of these is __________________________________.
- •Task 4. Study Reference Notes 1 and 2 and discuss the Maxims by Paul Grice and the Politeness Maxims by Geoffrey Leech. What is in common and what are the differences?
- •Reference Notes 1
- •2Paul Grice. Maxims
- •The Tact maxim
- •The Generosity maxim
- •The Approbation maxim
- •The Agreement maxim
- •The Sympathy maxim
- •Illocutionary Verbs vs Illocutionary Acts
- •Some sentences "conventionally" used in the
- •3Could you be a little more quiet?
- •4You could be a little more quiet
- •4.1.1.1.1.1Are you able to reach the book on the top shelf?
- •5You ought to be more polite to your mother
- •6You should leave immediately
- •7Would you mind awfully if I asked you if you could write me a letter of recommendation?
- •Some sentences "conventionally" used in the
- •III. Sentences concerning the propositional content
- •8Give definitions of locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts of speech.
- •Means of substitution and their analysis.
- •“In that instant Hartley was gone, rushing out of the kitchen, not towards the front door, but out of the back door, straight onto the grass and onto the rocks”.
- •Example 1
- •Example 2
- •Example 3
- •Structural features of extrinsic modality
- •Structural features of intrinsic modality
- •In which of these types of discourse modal verbs are used mostly in their epistemic / deontic meaning?
- •Criteria Used to Qualify a Written Text as a Discourse.
- •3. Historical Backgrounds of Discourse Analysis
- •4. Dimensions of Discourse and Fields of Discourse Studies
- •Stylistics
- •Rhétoric
- •Discourse Pragmatics
- •5. Conversation Analysis
- •6. Discourse Grammar
- •7. The Future of Discourse Studies
- •2. Analysis of Written Discourse
- •Approaches to Cohesion and Rhetorical Structure Analysis
- •4. Forms of Cohesion
- •5. Approaches to Register and Genre Analysis
- •Speech and Discourse Communities
- •7. New Literacy Studies
- •I. Information Packaging
- •1.2. Cohesive texts: topic comes before comment
- •1.3. Front-focus: initial position for extra focus
- •Discourse Strategies
- •Passives – creating new subjects
- •Different semantic types as subjects
- •Existentials
- •III. Focus Strategies
- •3.1. Cleft constructions
- •3.2.Fronting
- •3.3.Left-dislocation
- •3.4. Right-dislocation
- •Methods of Studying Discourse Processing
- •Theoretical Approaches to Discourse Processing
- •1.2.1. Construction-Integration Model
- •1.2.2. Structure-Building Framework
- •1.2.3. Event-Indexing Model
- •1.2.4. Memory-Based Approach
- •1.3. Theoretical and Empirical Aspects of Discourse Processing
- •1.3.1. Integrating Sentences into a Coherent Discourse
- •1.3.2. Generating Inferences during Discourse Processing
- •1.3.3. Determining Reference in Discourse Processing
- •II. Elements Supporting Discourse: Discourse Markers
- •2.1. The Conversational Approach
- •2.2. The Grammatico-Syntactic Approach
- •2.3. The Discourse-Cognitive Approach
Example 1
Modal Levels and Relations |
||
level |
Subjective modality |
Objective modality |
relation |
||
necessity |
deontic |
Necessitative |
possibility |
epistemic |
Capacitative |
Example 2
Types of Modality |
|
Deontic (intrinsic) |
Epistemic (extrinsic) |
Possibility: You may leave now |
Judgement: He may be insane |
Necessity: You must leave now |
Judgment: He must be insane |
Example 3
The following news item ‘Killing with a Kiss’ from The Sunday Times of India illustrates the inescapable obligation of intrinsic must:
Medics were on standby as 53 couples locked their lips on Saturday at the start of a bid to set a new world record for the longest kiss.
The couples will need to kiss non-stop for more than 29 hours and 57 minutes to make it into the Guinness Book of records. The Valentine weekend attempt was organised by a local radio station, which advertised for participants to take part in the competition at Newcastle, Sydney.
To break the record, participants must follow strict rules, station spokeswoman Tricia Morris said. “Their lips must be touching at all times, they must be standing, they must not fall asleep, must not leave the venue, mustn’t wear any incontinence pads or adult nappies and there are no toilet breaks,” Morris said.
Example 4
1. obligation and permission (intrinsic meanings) |
||
positive |
negative |
meaning |
You must go now |
a1. You needn’t go now |
= you are not obliged to go |
|
a2. You don’t have to go now |
= you are not obliged to go |
|
b. You must not (mustn’t) go |
= you are obliged not to go |
You may go now |
a. You may not/ can’t go |
= you have not permission to go |
|
b. You may/ can not go |
= you have permission not to go |
2. necessity and possibility (extrinsic meanings) |
||
positive |
negative |
meaning |
It must be true |
a. It can’t be true |
= It is not possible that it is true |
|
b1. It needn’t be true |
= It is not necessarily true |
|
b2. It doesn’t have to be true |
= It’s not necessarily true |
It may be true |
a. It can’t be true |
= It is not possible that it is true |
|
b. It may not be true |
= It is possible that it is not true |