1. “He looks like you because you brought him up, and you look like me …”

2. “In that instant Hartley was gone, rushing out of the kitchen, not towards the front door, but out of the back door, straight onto the grass and onto the rocks”.

3. “Come soon and come forever”.

4. “I swam every day, sometimes in the sun, sometimes in the rain, and began to feel soaked in the sea as if were penetrating my skin”.

3)

1. “The figure moved, turned more fully towards me. It was a real woman, not a ghost. Then in a flash it looked familiar. Then I could see the face in the lamplight. It was Rosina Vamburgh”.

2. “My being able to make Hartley happy had become the most desirable thing in the world, something the possession of which would crown my life and make it perfect”.

3. “It took me some time to appreciate James’s stuff partly because it was usually too dark to see it. The place is also of course full of books, many in languages, which I cannot identify. This has been James’s London base for many years, and as he has been abroad so much it is perhaps no wonder that it looks like a mere cluttered – up dumping ground”.

4. “It was too late to hide and in my case I had no desire to do so. The pettiness of concealment seemed out of place and was, I suddenly hoped, new in any case a thing of the past”.

4)

1. “Dear Lizzie, I don’t want to be unkind, but I want things to be clear, I always did”.

2. “My threats of “never again” are empty of course, but she will not think so”.

3. “But you did, you looked at me through the glass of that inner room”. “No, I didn’t. I never did. That must have been some other ghost”. “You did, someone did. How did you get in?”

4. “I wondered had she seen me in the village and if so had she recognized me”.

5)

1. “Walkers on that road were even rarer than cars. Then he began to look familiar. Then I recognized him. Gilbert Opian”.

2. “However I couldn’t seriously regard Gilbert as a menacing figure and it then occurred to me that of course he was bringing Lizzie…”

3. “If one had time to write the whole of one’s life thus bit by bit as a novel how rewarding this would be”.

6)

1. ”Gilbert, who had been gazing at the open neck of my shirt all the time he was speaking, raised his eyes to mine”.

2. “I recalled where there was an electric torch on a shelf inside the kitchen door, and I pictured where the lamp was, and the matches near it”.

3. “I walked quickly to the room, where I had seen the “figure”. It was empty.”

4. “She was wearing a moist red lipstick and face powder which had caked here and there”.

7)

1. “By the time I reached the tarmac Gilbert had seen me and turned back. We met each other, he smiling”.

2. “The awful crying of souls in guilt and pain, loathing each other, tied to each other”.

8)

1. “Pain is different, darling, you are in a muddle. You admitted you were unhappy, you spoke just now about the pain of it!”

2. I jumped up and watched her, appalled. When then did I understand what Titus had said about it: it is frightening and it is meant to be”.

3. “I brought the brilliant little patch of light slowly up the hill towards her feet; and in a moment I knew that she had noticed it, and she realized what it meant. This was a trick which we used to play on each other in summers when we were children. I sent the flash up for a moment to her face, and then began to lead it away, making a line across the grass in the direction of the wood”.

9)

1. “No, that’s the point – he didn’t know where Titus came from. I was the one who brought Titus into our lives, it was my idea, I arranged it all.”

2. “Now I had a very happy relation with my parents.”

“I had a very unhappy one with mine.”

Questions for Self-Control

1. What does logical basis of speech utterances include (proposition, concept, reference)?

2. How does referential theory view the process of communication?

3. Comment upon the meaningful aspects of communication (explicature, inference, implicature).

4. What is the input of Context-Change Theory in pragmatics?

5. What is the input of the theory of presupposition in pragmatics?

6. Characterize the aspects of successful communication and efficiency of communicative strategies.

7. Define the difference between the notions of a discourse topic, sentence topic and local topics.

8. Give the definition of deixis and describe its types

9. What is the difference between deixis and anaphora?

10. Enumerate linguistic means of substitution.

Lectures 4 – 5.

Modality. Expressing attitudes towards the event

Plan

1. The Meaning, Definition and Functions of Modality:

1. Definition;

2. Deontic and Epistemic modality;

3. Objective and Subjective modality.

1. Realizations of Modal Meanings.

2. Flexibility of Meaning.

3. Extrinsic Modality: Modal Certainty, Probability and Possibility.

4. Intrinsic Modality: Volition, Obligation, Necessity, Permission.