Lesson 2

Indirect speech 2

We can report questions with verbs like ask, wonder, want to know. Tense change rules are the same.

“Where do you live?” he asked

He asked where I lived.

If there is no question word we add if or whether.

“Are you British?”-She asked me if/whether I was British.

In reported questions we use the same word order as in statements:

“Do you speak English?”- She want to know if I speak English.

Reporting commands and request:

Command are reported with tell and the infinitive.

“ Wait! Wait!”

I told him to wait.

Requests are reported with ask and the infinitive.

“ Please wait!”

I asked her to wait.

Other reporting words:

Advise, agree, offer, remind, refuse, invite, decide, suggest

Lesson 3 Conditional sentences 1

Sentences with if are called conditionals. The if …clause is the condition and other part of the sentence is the result. There are three types of conditional. The first conditional: 1) If+ S V Vs O, S shall/ will V O.

If you drop it , it will break.

Or S shall/will VO, if+ S V Vs O.

The first conditional refers to the future. It is used when there is a possibility that the if event might happen.

If it rains, we will go to the cinema. ( It might rain/it might not rain)

The second conditional: If S+ VedV2O, S+ should/ would VO.

This type of sentence describes future events that are imaginary, unlikely or impossible.

If I lived by the sea ,I would do a lot of swimming.

Note: would is usually contracted in speech.

I`d become famous.

The past simple of the Be is I was, he/she/it was .We use these forms in second conditional or alternatively we can use if I were, she/he/it/were.

If I were here…

We this structure when we can give advice.

If I were youI`d spend more time on your written work.

Unless means if not .

We would go out if it did not rain.

We would go out unless it rained.

Lesson 4 Conditional sentences 2

The third conditional: If S+ had VedV3 , S +would have Ved V3.

This type of sentence describes past events that is different to what really happened.

If I had taken an umbrella , I wouldn`t have got wet.

We often use might and could in conditional when we want to say that we are not certain about the results.

If I had brought some money I could have taken a taxi.

It is also possible to put the If clause at the end

Wishes

For wishes about the present we use I wish +past simple.

I wish I didn`t go to school.

Could

We use I wish I could to refer that is difficult or impossible. This can refer to the present or future.

I wish I could fly.

At the second conditional the past simple does not refer to past time.

For wishes about the past we use I wish + the past perfect.

I wish I had lived in the 18 century.

If the wish is good one we use I hope. This is not followed by conditional form it is simply followed by the present simple or will.

I hope you have a good time at the party.