Unit 11. The skin.

Ex.1. Read and memorize the words:

subcutaneous – підшкірний;	connective - сполучний
layer -шар;	outer – зовнішній;
inner - внутрішній;	fibres – волокна;
interlace - переплетати;	permeate – проникнути;
sebaceous – сальний;	perspiration – піт;

Ex.2. Match the words-combinations:

is covered by	потові залози
consists of two layers	видаляти побічні продукти
vary in shape	вкритий
possess great vitality	складається з двох шарів
loosely connected fibres	діяти як захісне покриття
interlacing with each other	різняться за формою
the sweat glands	мати велику життєздатність
to act as a protective covering	переплетені між собою
to excrete certain waste	вільно з’єднані
small quantity	мала кількість

Eх.3. Read and learn the following words, remember their Latin/Greek equivalents.

English	Latin/Greek	Ukrainian
skin	cutis/dermato-	шкіра
epidermis	epidermis	епідерміс
dermis	dermis	дерміс
dermatitis	dermatitis	дерматит
eczema	eczema	екзема
hair	capilli	волосся
eyebrows	supercilia	брови
cilia	cilia	вії
beard [bisd]	barba	борода
nail [neil]	ungius	ніготь
papillae	papillae	сосочки
sweat [swet]	sudor/hidr(o)-	піт
sweat glands	glandulae sudoris	потові залози
integument	integumentum	покрив
sebum	sebum/lipo-, steato-	сало, лій
sebaceous	sebaceous	сальний
perspiration	perspiratio	потовиділення
sunburn	combustio	опік
furuncles	furunculi	фурункули
carbuncles	carbunculi	карбункули
herpes	herpes	герпес, лишай
urticaria	urticaria	кропивниця
decubitus ulcers	decubitus ulcus	пролежні

Ex.4. Read and translate the text:

The skin

I.The skeleton is covered by the skin, by the layer of subcutaneous tissue and fat, and by the muscles.

The skin consists of two layers: an outer layer termed the epidermis, and an inner layer termed the dermis.

The epidermis is composed of a number of layers of cells which vary in shape from above downward. The cells in the surface layers are flat. Those in the layers lower down are round or many-sided; the cells in the deeper layers are column-shaped, and possess great vitality and power of reproduction.

The dermis is composed of a mass of loosely connected fibres which can be divided into two layers: 1) An outer layer which is raised into a great number of conical or finger-like projections termed papillae. Each papilla contains blood vessels and nerve endings and also the rudiment of a hair. 2) An inner layer consisting of bands of connective tissue interlacing with each other and permeated by blood vessels, glands and fat.

The skin contains two sets of glands: the sweat glands and the sebaceous glands. The nails and hair are special structures developed from the epidermis.

The functions of the skin are of great importance and are as follows: to enclose contained parts, to act as a protective covering, to contain special nerve endings, which receive and convey the stimuli producing the sense of touch, to excrete certain waste products in the form of perspiration which consists of water with a proportion of mineral matter dissolved in it and a small quantity of carbonic acid.

Ex.5. Describe the structure of the skin.

Ex.6. Describe the structure of the epidermis and dermis.

Ex. 7. Explain the main functions of the skin.

Ex. 8. Name the skin glands.

Ex.9. Give the Ukrainian equivalents:

is covered by the skin; the layer of subcutaneous tissue; consists of two layers; an outer layer; contains blood vessels; two sets of glands; the functions of the skin; to act as a protective covering; to contain special nerve endings; the sense of touch.

Ex.10. Give the English equivalents:

шар підшкірної тканини; складається з двох шарів; внутрішній шар; містить кровоносні судини та нервові закінчення; два види залоз; нігті та волосся; функції шкіри; відчуття дотику; видаляє побічні продукти; у вигляді поту.

Ex.11. Answer the questions:

1. What is the body covered by? 2. How many layers does the skin consist of? 3.What are the layers of the skin? 4. What is the dermis composed of? 5.How many sets of glands does the skin contain? 6. What does each papilla contain? 7. What are the functions of the skin? 8. What does perspiration consist of? 9. What are the cells in the surface layers like?

Ex.12. Read the text and retell it:

The skin is the largest organ that covers the whole body. It consists of two major parts: an outer layer, the epidermis, and an inner layer, the corium. It serves as a protective barrier against micro-organisms, shields the delicate sensitive tissues undernealth from injuries. It acts as an insulator against cold and heat, helps eliminate body waste in form of perspiration. It also guards against excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays and helps produce the body’s supply of vitamin D. Its sense receptors enable the body to feel pain, cold, heat, touch and pressuse.

Task. Be ready to speak about the skin.

GRAMMAR . Continuous Tenses (Active and Passive).

	Active	Passive
	to be (am, is, are, was, were, will be) + Participle I	to be (am, is, are, was, were, will be) + being + Participle II
Present	They are discussing a new plan now.	A new plan is being discussed now.
Past	They were discussing a new plan when we came.	A new plan was being discussed when we came.
Future	They will be discussing a new plan at 6 o'clock.	-------

Ex.13. Fill in:

1. The student ... by the teacher now (examine). 2. He ... by the when we came (operate). 3. The nurses ... instructions at 8 o’clock in the morning (give). 4. A new film ... from 10 till 12 (demonstrate). 5. This new hospital ... near our institute now (build). 6. The injections ... at this time yesterday (make). 7. The operation ... at this moment (perform).

Ex.14. Make up questions:

1. This new hospital is being built near our Institute. (Where?) 2. New instruments were being demonstrated at the lecture when we came in. (When?) 3. This medical problem was being discussed at the meeting at 5 o'clock yesterday. (What problem?) 4. This patient is being operated now. (Whom?) 5. This work was being fulfilled by a group of students when the doctor came in. (When?)