- •Синтаксические особенности английского языка
- •Clauses relative clauses
- •Who, That, or Which?
- •Exercises
- •1. Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence with a relative clause, using who or which:
- •2. Point out the relative clause and indicate whether it is a subject or object relative clause:
- •4. Express each pair of sentences as one with a contact clause. Think carefully about the word order:
- •5. Use who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences:
- •6. Express these pairs of sentences as one, using which:
- •7. Make the second sentence into a descriptive clause and put it into the correct place:
- •8. Use the sentences in the box to make descriptive clauses. Insert an appropriate clause into each of the sentences:
- •9. Use a relative pronoun in the following sentences. In which sentences is it possible to omit the relative pronoun?
- •10. Fill in the blanks with a relative pronoun. Put ø if you think no pronoun is necessary. Where can you use that?
- •11. Match each situation with one of the sentences that follow.
- •12. Complete the sentences using either descriptive or limiting relative clauses:
- •Revision
- •13. Complete the sentences. Choose the most suitable ending from the box and make it into a relative clause:
- •14. Write the information in brackets as a relative clause in an appropriate place in the sentence.
- •Relative clauses with prepositions
- •Exercises
- •1. Make up sentences using a relative clause with a preposition at the end.
- •2. Match the phrases and write the definitions.
- •Other relative claues
- •Exercises
- •2. Zedco Chief Executive Barry Douglas is telling a group of managers how to run a business successfully. He emphasises the underlined words with what.
- •3. Read the situations and complete the sentences using where.
- •Revision
- •4. Complete each sentence using who, whom, whose, why, when or where.
- •5. Fill in the blanks with who, which, whose or where.
- •6. Peter is going to the United States next year. Complete what he says about his visit using whose, who/whom, where and when.
- •7. Complete the sentences with the correct or most appropriate relative pronoun; use ø to indicate contact clause:
- •8. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •9. Join each idea in a with the most suitable idea in b. Use which referring to the whole clause.
- •10. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •11. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Adverbial clauses time clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Review the material about time clauses. Translate the time conjunctions and examples provided into Russian.
- •3. Choose the appropriate time phrase and put the verbs into the correct tense.
- •4. Fill in: by the time, until or by.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Finish the following sentences in such a way that they mean exactly the same as the sentences printed before them.
- •7. Prepare 10 sentences for translation from Russian into English in which time clauses would be introduced by the following time conjunctions and expressions:
- •Conditional clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct conjunction:
- •2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •Clauses of purpose
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct word.
- •2. Look at the examples, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible to express purpose.
- •3. Join the sentences using the purpose words given.
- •4. Join the following sentences using so that, in case, for fear, prevent or avoid.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of result
- •Exercises
- •1. Fill in so, such or such a/an.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of reason
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of concession
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct item. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Look at the example, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible.
- •3. Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets, as in the example.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Rephrase the sentences using the words in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of manner
- •Exercises
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
- •2. Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold.
- •3. Revision. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentences but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •Linking words
- •Exercises
- •1. Read the sentences and choose the correct linking word / phrase. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Complete this letter to a local newspaper, choosing the correct linker.
- •3. Choose the correct word / phrase.
- •4. Choose the correct answer.
- •5. Join the sentences using the word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •6. Join the sentences using a suitable word or phrase from the list. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •7. Join the sentences using the correct word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •8. Fill in the correct word / phrase from the lists.
- •9. Replace the words in bold with appropriate synonyms from the list.
- •10. Insert the necessary linker and say what it means.
- •Structures emphasis
- •Cleft sentences
- •Other types of emphasis
- •Fronting
- •Exercises
- •2. Rewrite the sentences using emphatic constructions, starting with the words given.
- •3. Read the information in the box and complete the replies, using a cleft sentence.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences putting emphasis on the highlighted word. (Use wh- clefts where necessary)
- •5. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the words in brackets.
- •6. Make these sentences more emphatic by ‘fronting’ part of them. Don’t use any additional words.
- •8. Translate using emphatic constructions.
- •Inversion
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words/phrases given.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or phrase.
- •3. Fill in the gaps as in the example.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words in bold.
- •5. Rewrite the sentences using inversion where possible.
- •6. Complete each sentence with 2-5 words, including the word in brackets.
- •7. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Exercises
- •1. Complete these sentences with a verb in an appropriate form, using ‘it’ if necessary.
- •2. Alan had to go to hospital for an operation. What did the doctor say? Use the information in the two sentences and make a new sentence with the help of …it as… and the verb in brackets.
- •3. Use ‘it’ as an ‘empty’ object where necessary.
- •Contents
- •Literature
3. Read the information in the box and complete the replies, using a cleft sentence.
Nick turned up late for work on Monday because he got stuck in a traffic jam on the ring road. Luckily, Nick has a mobile phone so he was able to phone his boss and warn her that he would be late. She was furious but managed to reschedule an important meeting for the afternoon. |
e.g. “Didn’t the boss turn up late on Monday?” “No, it was Nick who turned up late on Monday.”
1. “Nick was late because he overslept, wasn’t he?” “No, it ___ that he was late. 2. “How on earth did Nick let the boss know he’d be late?” “Well, what ___ call her from his mobile phone.” 3. “Wasn’t Nick late on Wednesday?” “No, ___ that he was late.” 4. “Nick’s boss had to start the meeting without him, didn’t she?” “No, what she ___ the afternoon.” 5. Didn’t Nick get stuck in the traffic jam in the town centre?” “No, not the town centre; it ___ got stuck.” 6. “Didn’t the boss have to reschedule that meeting because the clients didn’t turn up?” “No, it ___ had to reschedule the meeting.” 7. “Nick rang the boss to give her the sales figures, didn’t he?” “No, it ___ that he rang her.” 8. “I heard the boss was a little annoyed with Nick for being late.” “No, she wasn’t ‘a little annoyed’. What ___!”
4. Rewrite the sentences putting emphasis on the highlighted word. (Use wh- clefts where necessary)
e.g. Tom spread those rumours about his boss. → It was Tom that spread those rumours about his boss.
1. Are you going to wear this dress at the reception? 2. Ann put up the Christmas decorations. 3. Why can you never be at work on time? 4. John looks after the children when Sheila is at work. 5. Where did you spend your holiday last summer? 6. She was promoted a year after she had been hired. 7. I need a good night’s sleep. 8. The Beatles recorded ‘Let it be’. 9. Paul McCartney sand the lead in ‘Let it be’. 10. The video was recorded on a rooftop.
5. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the words in brackets.
e.g. Sebastian left the job because of the long working hours. (why) → The reason why Sebastian left the job was the long working hours.
1. We have to wait here. (this)
2. We just need five minutes to fix it. (all)
3. Jennifer started the strike. (person)
4. I’m not questioning his dedication. (isn’t)
5. These men are totally ruthless. (what)
6. I used to live around the corner. (The place)
7. It was your next door neighbour who complained. (the one)
8. We inherited everything except the house. (only thing)
9. You know the sales assistant told me exactly the same thing. (that’s)
10. I want you to copy this down in your notebooks. (to do)
11. First of all we checked the insurance details. (first thing)
12. The climbers reached the peak at six o’clock. (was)
13. We are taking the au-pair with us. (doing)
14. Before leaving we switched off the power supply. (last thing)
15. They moved to Andalucía because of the climate. (reason)
16. The company has imposed a ban on private e-mails. (has done)
17. The only thing we want is our money back. (all)
18. Our boss told us the news. (it)
19. I want you to appreciate that it’s not my fault. (what)
20. The introduction of stamp duties led to the loss of the American colonies. (that)