- •Синтаксические особенности английского языка
- •Clauses relative clauses
- •Who, That, or Which?
- •Exercises
- •1. Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence with a relative clause, using who or which:
- •2. Point out the relative clause and indicate whether it is a subject or object relative clause:
- •4. Express each pair of sentences as one with a contact clause. Think carefully about the word order:
- •5. Use who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences:
- •6. Express these pairs of sentences as one, using which:
- •7. Make the second sentence into a descriptive clause and put it into the correct place:
- •8. Use the sentences in the box to make descriptive clauses. Insert an appropriate clause into each of the sentences:
- •9. Use a relative pronoun in the following sentences. In which sentences is it possible to omit the relative pronoun?
- •10. Fill in the blanks with a relative pronoun. Put ø if you think no pronoun is necessary. Where can you use that?
- •11. Match each situation with one of the sentences that follow.
- •12. Complete the sentences using either descriptive or limiting relative clauses:
- •Revision
- •13. Complete the sentences. Choose the most suitable ending from the box and make it into a relative clause:
- •14. Write the information in brackets as a relative clause in an appropriate place in the sentence.
- •Relative clauses with prepositions
- •Exercises
- •1. Make up sentences using a relative clause with a preposition at the end.
- •2. Match the phrases and write the definitions.
- •Other relative claues
- •Exercises
- •2. Zedco Chief Executive Barry Douglas is telling a group of managers how to run a business successfully. He emphasises the underlined words with what.
- •3. Read the situations and complete the sentences using where.
- •Revision
- •4. Complete each sentence using who, whom, whose, why, when or where.
- •5. Fill in the blanks with who, which, whose or where.
- •6. Peter is going to the United States next year. Complete what he says about his visit using whose, who/whom, where and when.
- •7. Complete the sentences with the correct or most appropriate relative pronoun; use ø to indicate contact clause:
- •8. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •9. Join each idea in a with the most suitable idea in b. Use which referring to the whole clause.
- •10. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •11. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Adverbial clauses time clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Review the material about time clauses. Translate the time conjunctions and examples provided into Russian.
- •3. Choose the appropriate time phrase and put the verbs into the correct tense.
- •4. Fill in: by the time, until or by.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Finish the following sentences in such a way that they mean exactly the same as the sentences printed before them.
- •7. Prepare 10 sentences for translation from Russian into English in which time clauses would be introduced by the following time conjunctions and expressions:
- •Conditional clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct conjunction:
- •2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •Clauses of purpose
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct word.
- •2. Look at the examples, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible to express purpose.
- •3. Join the sentences using the purpose words given.
- •4. Join the following sentences using so that, in case, for fear, prevent or avoid.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of result
- •Exercises
- •1. Fill in so, such or such a/an.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of reason
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of concession
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct item. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Look at the example, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible.
- •3. Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets, as in the example.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Rephrase the sentences using the words in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of manner
- •Exercises
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
- •2. Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold.
- •3. Revision. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentences but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •Linking words
- •Exercises
- •1. Read the sentences and choose the correct linking word / phrase. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Complete this letter to a local newspaper, choosing the correct linker.
- •3. Choose the correct word / phrase.
- •4. Choose the correct answer.
- •5. Join the sentences using the word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •6. Join the sentences using a suitable word or phrase from the list. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •7. Join the sentences using the correct word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •8. Fill in the correct word / phrase from the lists.
- •9. Replace the words in bold with appropriate synonyms from the list.
- •10. Insert the necessary linker and say what it means.
- •Structures emphasis
- •Cleft sentences
- •Other types of emphasis
- •Fronting
- •Exercises
- •2. Rewrite the sentences using emphatic constructions, starting with the words given.
- •3. Read the information in the box and complete the replies, using a cleft sentence.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences putting emphasis on the highlighted word. (Use wh- clefts where necessary)
- •5. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the words in brackets.
- •6. Make these sentences more emphatic by ‘fronting’ part of them. Don’t use any additional words.
- •8. Translate using emphatic constructions.
- •Inversion
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words/phrases given.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or phrase.
- •3. Fill in the gaps as in the example.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words in bold.
- •5. Rewrite the sentences using inversion where possible.
- •6. Complete each sentence with 2-5 words, including the word in brackets.
- •7. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Exercises
- •1. Complete these sentences with a verb in an appropriate form, using ‘it’ if necessary.
- •2. Alan had to go to hospital for an operation. What did the doctor say? Use the information in the two sentences and make a new sentence with the help of …it as… and the verb in brackets.
- •3. Use ‘it’ as an ‘empty’ object where necessary.
- •Contents
- •Literature
3. Read the situations and complete the sentences using where.
e.g. You grew up in a small town. You went back there recently. I recently went back to the small town where I grew up.
1. You want to buy some postcards. You ask a friend where you can do this. Is there a shop near here…? 2. You work in a factory. The factory is going to close down next month. The factory… 3. Sue is staying at a hotel. You want to know the name of the hotel. Do you know the name of the hotel…? 4. You play football in a park on Sundays. You show a friend the park. This is the park… 5. That rock festival is held in this place every year. It’s (the place)… 6. I Once had lunch with Henry at the Riverside Restaurant. We went to the Riverside Restaurant… 7. The poet Wordsworth lived in the Lake District. The Lake District is… 8. I’ll see you near the post office. We meet there every day. I’ll see you near the post office, …
Revision
4. Complete each sentence using who, whom, whose, why, when or where.
1. What’s the name of the man ___ car you borrowed? 2. A cemetery is a place ___ people are buried. 3. A pacifist is a person ___ believes that all wars are wrong. 4. An orphan is a child ___ parents are dead. 5. What was the name of the person to ___ you spoke on the phone? 6. The place ___ we spent out holidays was really beautiful. 7. This school is only for children ___ first language is not English. 8. The woman with ___ he fell in love left him after a month. 9. I’ve got a friend ___ brother is an actor. 10. I met a woman ___ who I know. 11. That is the church ___ Ken and Kate were married. 12. They’re the people ___ house caught fire. 13. Did they tell the reason ___ they wanted you to do that? 14. What’s the name of the restaurant ___ you had lunch? 15. I can’t remember the time ___ there was no television.
5. Fill in the blanks with who, which, whose or where.
Last night I met George – you know, the boy __ I was at school with years ago. Well, he lives in the country now, in a village __ is not far from Nottingham. And he’s married Liz – you remember? – the girl __ father had that small shop in Lexington Avenue… Anyway, George has bought a cottage, __ cost him a fortune and __ he is going to open a guesthouse. He’s found a partner __ will lend him the $ 2,000 __ he needs to start him off. He says his guesthouse will be a place __ tourists can find a clean room at a reasonable price, and __will also serve good English food. I don’t know. I am always sceptical of people __ ambition is to make money quickly.
6. Peter is going to the United States next year. Complete what he says about his visit using whose, who/whom, where and when.
I’m going to the United States at the beginning of January ___, hopefully, it won’t be too cold. I’m flying to New York, ___ my friend Brian has been living for the past two years. I’m really looking forward to meeting his American girlfriend Cyndy, ___ I met when they both came over to London last year. Cyndy, brother is quite a famous jazz musician, has promised to take me to Greenwich Village, ___ there are a lot of jazz clubs. After two weeks in New York, I’ll take the Greyhound bus to Cleveland, Ohio. I’m going to stay there with my Aunt Jackie, ___ son – my cousin Abe – I met last summer in England. Then, if I have enough money, I’ll travel south to New Orleans. I hope to get there by the first two weeks of February, ___ the Mardi Grass Festival takes place.
