- •Синтаксические особенности английского языка
- •Clauses relative clauses
- •Who, That, or Which?
- •Exercises
- •1. Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence with a relative clause, using who or which:
- •2. Point out the relative clause and indicate whether it is a subject or object relative clause:
- •4. Express each pair of sentences as one with a contact clause. Think carefully about the word order:
- •5. Use who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences:
- •6. Express these pairs of sentences as one, using which:
- •7. Make the second sentence into a descriptive clause and put it into the correct place:
- •8. Use the sentences in the box to make descriptive clauses. Insert an appropriate clause into each of the sentences:
- •9. Use a relative pronoun in the following sentences. In which sentences is it possible to omit the relative pronoun?
- •10. Fill in the blanks with a relative pronoun. Put ø if you think no pronoun is necessary. Where can you use that?
- •11. Match each situation with one of the sentences that follow.
- •12. Complete the sentences using either descriptive or limiting relative clauses:
- •Revision
- •13. Complete the sentences. Choose the most suitable ending from the box and make it into a relative clause:
- •14. Write the information in brackets as a relative clause in an appropriate place in the sentence.
- •Relative clauses with prepositions
- •Exercises
- •1. Make up sentences using a relative clause with a preposition at the end.
- •2. Match the phrases and write the definitions.
- •Other relative claues
- •Exercises
- •2. Zedco Chief Executive Barry Douglas is telling a group of managers how to run a business successfully. He emphasises the underlined words with what.
- •3. Read the situations and complete the sentences using where.
- •Revision
- •4. Complete each sentence using who, whom, whose, why, when or where.
- •5. Fill in the blanks with who, which, whose or where.
- •6. Peter is going to the United States next year. Complete what he says about his visit using whose, who/whom, where and when.
- •7. Complete the sentences with the correct or most appropriate relative pronoun; use ø to indicate contact clause:
- •8. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •9. Join each idea in a with the most suitable idea in b. Use which referring to the whole clause.
- •10. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •11. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Adverbial clauses time clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Review the material about time clauses. Translate the time conjunctions and examples provided into Russian.
- •3. Choose the appropriate time phrase and put the verbs into the correct tense.
- •4. Fill in: by the time, until or by.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Finish the following sentences in such a way that they mean exactly the same as the sentences printed before them.
- •7. Prepare 10 sentences for translation from Russian into English in which time clauses would be introduced by the following time conjunctions and expressions:
- •Conditional clauses
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct conjunction:
- •2. Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •Clauses of purpose
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct word.
- •2. Look at the examples, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible to express purpose.
- •3. Join the sentences using the purpose words given.
- •4. Join the following sentences using so that, in case, for fear, prevent or avoid.
- •5. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of result
- •Exercises
- •1. Fill in so, such or such a/an.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of reason
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets.
- •2. Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold.
- •3. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of concession
- •Exercises
- •1. Choose the correct item. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Look at the example, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible.
- •3. Rephrase the sentences using the words in brackets, as in the example.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Rephrase the sentences using the words in bold.
- •6. Study the table above and finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
- •Clauses of manner
- •Exercises
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
- •2. Rephrase the following sentences using the words in bold.
- •3. Revision. For each of the sentences below write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentences but using the word given. The word must not be altered in any way.
- •Linking words
- •Exercises
- •1. Read the sentences and choose the correct linking word / phrase. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •2. Complete this letter to a local newspaper, choosing the correct linker.
- •3. Choose the correct word / phrase.
- •4. Choose the correct answer.
- •5. Join the sentences using the word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •6. Join the sentences using a suitable word or phrase from the list. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •7. Join the sentences using the correct word(s) in brackets. Translate the resulting sentences into Russian.
- •8. Fill in the correct word / phrase from the lists.
- •9. Replace the words in bold with appropriate synonyms from the list.
- •10. Insert the necessary linker and say what it means.
- •Structures emphasis
- •Cleft sentences
- •Other types of emphasis
- •Fronting
- •Exercises
- •2. Rewrite the sentences using emphatic constructions, starting with the words given.
- •3. Read the information in the box and complete the replies, using a cleft sentence.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences putting emphasis on the highlighted word. (Use wh- clefts where necessary)
- •5. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the words in brackets.
- •6. Make these sentences more emphatic by ‘fronting’ part of them. Don’t use any additional words.
- •8. Translate using emphatic constructions.
- •Inversion
- •Exercises
- •1. Rewrite the sentences using the words/phrases given.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word or phrase.
- •3. Fill in the gaps as in the example.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words in bold.
- •5. Rewrite the sentences using inversion where possible.
- •6. Complete each sentence with 2-5 words, including the word in brackets.
- •7. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Exercises
- •1. Complete these sentences with a verb in an appropriate form, using ‘it’ if necessary.
- •2. Alan had to go to hospital for an operation. What did the doctor say? Use the information in the two sentences and make a new sentence with the help of …it as… and the verb in brackets.
- •3. Use ‘it’ as an ‘empty’ object where necessary.
- •Contents
- •Literature
2. Look at the examples, then rewrite the sentences in as many ways as possible to express purpose.
Model: He left early. He wanted to catch the train. He left early so that he would / could catch the train. He left early to avoid missing the train. He left earl to catch the train. He left early in order not to miss the train. He left early with the aim of catching the train. He left early so that he wouldn't miss the train. He left early with a view to catching the train. He left early for fear he might miss the train. etc………………
She set her alarm clock. She wanted to get up early.
I won't leave the flat. John may call.
He revised hard for the test. He wanted to succeed.
3. Join the sentences using the purpose words given.
The bank contacted me. They informed me that I was overdrawn. (in order to)
The burglar wiped the gun. He didn't want to leave his fingerprints. (so that)
He doesn't carry a lot of cash. He might get robbed. (avoid)
She saved money. She intended to buy a house. (with a view to)
I ran. I wanted to catch the bus. (to)
Jane gave the police her phone number. Then the police could ring her. (so that)
This is a tin opener. You use it to open tins. (for)
The little boy hid. He thought he would be punished. (for fear that)
She locked the diamond in the safe. Someone might steal it. (for fear of)
He got the car out of the garage. He wanted to wash it. (so that)
I always lock the doors and windows. I don't want to be burgled. (avoid)
The doctor examined the patient. He wanted to find out what was wrong with him. (so as to)
I've taken out a loan. I want to buy a car. (to)
She is studying medicine. She wants to become a doctor. (so that)
He put his keys in his briefcase. He didn't want to lose them. (in order not to)
She set her alarm clock. She didn't want to oversleep. (so that)
We put the letters on the table. We didn't want to forget to post them. (so as not to)
4. Join the following sentences using so that, in case, for fear, prevent or avoid.
1. They tidied the office. The managing director might drop in. 2. They bought some extra Coke. They were afraid of running out. 3. She got up early. She didn't want to be late. 4. She gave her children some books. She wanted them to read quietly. 5. They got summer jobs. They wanted to save some money. 6. We took some warm clothing. It could have started snowing. 7. They chained the dog up. They didn't want it to bite anyone. 8. She gave up smoking. She wanted to feel healthier. 9. They sent the notice to all their employees. They wanted everyone to be aware of it. 10. They had the roof mended. They didn't want the house to become damp. 11. He told a white lie. He didn't want to hurt her feeling. 12. They put up decorations. They wanted their guests to be impressed. 13. She took the matches away from the children. She didn't want them to start a fire.