1. Стилистика как научная дисциплина.

Stylistics is that branch of linguistics which studies the principles of choice and usage of different language means in rendering thought and emotion under different conditions of communication. (Arnold)

The subject-matter of Stylistics involves the study of language means (phonetic, lexical, morphological, syntactical, graphical) by which main and additional functions of language are realized thus securing the effectiveness of the process of communication.

Aims of Stylistic Research: 1. The aesthetic function of language (to influence the feelings). 2. Expressive means in language. 3. Synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea. 4. A system of special devices called SD. 5. Emotional coloring in language. 6. The splitting of the literary language into separate systems called styles. 7. The interaction between language and thought.

Expressive means – those phonetic means, morphological forms, means of word-building, lexical, phraseological & syntactical forms, all of which function in the l-ge for logical and/or emotional intensification of the utterance.

A SD is a conscious & intentional literary use of some of the facts of the l-ge for further intensification of the emotional or logical emphasis contained in the EM.

TYPES OF S.: Literary Stylistics: 1. Expressive means and stylistic devices peculiar to the definite work of art. 2. Various literary genres, composition of books, writer’s outlook. Linguistic Stylistics: 1. Expressive means. 2. Functional styles. 3. Oral and written varieties of the language. 

Galperin: “Style is a system of interrelated language means, which serves a definite aim in communication.”

The word s t у I e is derived from the Latin word 'stylus' which meant a short stick sharp at one end and flat at the other used by the Romans for writing on wax tablets.

Branches of stylistics:  - Lexical stylistics – studies functions of direct and figurative meanings, also the way contextual meaning of a word is realized in the text. L.S. deals with various types of connotations – expressive, evaluative, emotive; neologisms, dialectal words and their behavior in the text.  - Grammatical stylistics – is subdivided into morphological and syntactical  Morphological s. views stylistic potential of grammatical categories of different parts of speech. Potential of the number, pronouns… Syntactical s. studies syntactic expressive means, word order and word combinations, different types of sentences and types of syntactic connections. Also deals with origin of the text, its division on the paragraphs, dialogs, direct and indirect speech, the connection of the sentences, types of sentences.  - Phonostylistics – phonetical organization of prose and poetic texts. Here are included rhythm, rhythmical structure, rhyme, alliteration, assonance and correlation of the sound form and meaning. Also studies deviation in normative pronunciation.  - Functional S. (s. of decoding) – combines two methods of research (author’s stylistics and reader’s stylistics) in order to interpret a work of art with a minimal loss of its aim and message. - Individual style study –studies the style of the author. It looks for correlations between the creative concepts of the author and the language of his work.  - Stylistics of encoding - The shape of the information (message) is coded and the addressee plays the part of decoder of the information which is contained in message. The problems which are connected with adequate reception of the message without any loses (deformation) are the problems of stylistics of encoding.

Functions of language: the main is communicative-intellectual (to give information), additional – emotive (to get interested), volitional, phatic, appealing, aesthetic (to influence the feelings).

Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary.

Language is divided into literary and colloquial. The whole of the word-stock of the English language is divided into 3 main layers: the literary layer, the neutral layer and the colloquial layer.

Neutral words are used in both literary and colloquial language. They are the main source of synonymy and polysemy. Neutral have the universal character. They are used in library and colloquial language. They are not syntactically coloured and suitable for any communicative situation. Common literary words are chiefly used in writing and in polished speech. They stand in opposition to colloquial words.

Common colloquial words have a spoken character. They are emotionally coloured and rather unstable.

Special literary vocabulary consists of terms, poetic words, archaic words, foreignisms, barbarisms. Terms are directly connected with the concept it denotes. Terms are mostly used in special works, dealing with the notions of some branches of science. The function of terms is either to indicate the technical peculiarities of the subject dealed with or to make some reference to the occupation of a character whose language would naturally contain special words and expressions. Poetic words form a rather insignificant layer of the special literary vocabulary. They are mostly archaic or very rarely used highly literary words which aim at producing an elevated effect. Barbarisms are words originally borrowed from a foreign language and usually assimilated into the native vocabulary, so as not to differ from its units in appearance or in sound.

Special colloquial vocabulary consists of vulgar words, jargonisms, professional words, dialectical words and slang. Professionalisms are words used in a definite trade, profession or calling by people connected by common interests both at work and at home. These words name a new already existing concepts, tools or instruments. Dialectical words are those which in the process of the interrelation of the English language remained beyond its literary boundaries and their use is generally confined to a definite locality. Dialect words are only to be found in the style of emotive prose, very rarely in other styles. Slang is the special vocabulary used by any set of persons of a low or distribute character (slang never goes state, it’s replaced by new slaugism). Kinds of slang: cockney, commercial, military. Jargonisms is a group of words that exists in almost every language and those aim is to preserve secrecy within one or another social group. Vulgar words- the stylistically lowest group, consists of words which are considered to be offensive for polite usage.