1. The simple sentence. Structural & communicative types of sentences

Sentence is a set of words united by common idea and expressing some (un)finished thought .

Sentence may be represented 1 words .

Structure:

Sentence: Simple (One member & two member(Complete & Incomplete – Elliptical)); Composite (Complex (Complete & Incomplete - Elliptical)& Compound)

Elliptical sen-s – sent. With 1 ore more part devileretly left out. (E.g. Because… Haw are you ?-fine. you?)

Aposiopesis (break in the narrative )- delivetery ended , they are easily complete (E.g. the reason of politeness- You know you a such as …)

Classification s-s :imperative (actional response) , interrogative (Don’t you like seem ?) , declarative (statement . I don’t like mushrooms )

1.declarative+interrogative

I winder If he comes to visit

2.Delarative+Imperative

You have to /must/ should

3Interrogative + Imperative (polite request)

Could you lend me some money?

4. Interrogative +declarative (rhetorical request)

What have I done to you ?

5) Imperative + declarative sen-s(proverb)

Never put out tomorrow what you can do today

6)Imperatives + interrogative sen-s

Pleas tell me who is to blame

Types of simple sen-s :Two- member , one –member

This distinction is based on a difference in the so-called main parts of a sentence

two- member –two main parts

E.g. Helen (subject ) sighed(denotes the action performed by the subject and it’s called predicate ) , one –member- do not contain 2 such separate parts – only one main part .E.g. Fire ! Com on ! – there no separate main part of the sent., grammatic subject , and no other separate main parts , the grammatic predicate .

One-member sentence:

a)Nominal sentences are those in which the principal part is expressed by a noun or adjective. (Silence. English spring flowers.)

b)verbal sentences are those in which the principal part is expressed by a non-finite form of the verb, either an infinitive or a gerund. (To think of that.)

2. Moods in simple sentences

1.The mood .Its Morphological Characteristics

Mood is grammatical category of the verb which expresses the attitude of the speaker towards the action or state indicated by the predicate verb from the point of its reality or unreality.

There are 3 mood in Eng.:The indicative mood ,the Subjunctive mood , Imperative moodThe indicative mood is used to represent an action as a real fact( the Indefinite, the contin. , the perfect , The perf.Cont.)(e.g. All the students passed the exam successfully)

the Subjunctive mood represents an action not as a real fact but as something that would take place under certain conditions , necessary or unreal , unrealizable(e.g.If she were here they would start the meeting)

1. Conditional: represents an action as contradicting reality.

a) But for… (But for the fog we should continue our way)

b)with implied condition (I wouldn’t waste my time on rubbish in your place)c)to sound polite (I should like to speak to you)

2. Subjunctive II represents an action as contrary to reality.

a) In exclamatory set-es Oh, that…! If only…! (wish or regret) (Oh, that the storm were over!)

b) simple sen-es with modal verbs (Where could we stay the night?)c) Preference or advice Had better, had best, would rather, would sooner (preference or advice) (I would rather stay alone)

3.Subjunctive I express problematic actions, not necessarily contradicting reality.

1.Formulaic expressions

a)wish (Long live the Army! Success attend you!)

b)concession (So be it! Come what may!)

2.Commands, requests with indefinite pronouns as subjects (Everybody leave the room.)

4.Suppositional express problematic actions, not necessarily contradicting reality. In interrogative sen-sAnd what if…? (And what if he should come back?

Imperative mood expresses a request , an order , an advice , e t . Infinitive without particle to( e.g. Give this letter to me,please 1 2d person imperative (you ) Do it!

2 The 1^st person imperative (invite smb do smth with us )( we) Let’s us do it

3 3d person imperative. Let them be happy!