- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
1 My room's bigger than yours. It's the biggest in the house. 2 My room's colder than yours. It's the coldest in the house
3 My garden's nicer than yours. It's the nicest in the street. 4 My desk's tidier than yours. It's the tidiest in the office.
6.5B Adjectives with two or more syllables: 'clever1, 'expensive' 1 She's happier/more happy than I am. She's the happiest/most happy person I have ever met 2 His work was more careless than mine. It was the most careless (work) in the class. 3 This problem is simpler/more simple than that one. It's the simplest/the most simple (problem) in the book. 4 This watch is more expensive than that one. It's the most expensive (watch) in the shop. 5 This engine is quieter/more quiet than mine. It's the quietest/most quiet (engine) ever built.
6.5C Comparative and superlative forms often confused: 'older/elder': 1 farther/further 2 oldest 3 worse 4 lesser 5 latest 6 further 7 well 8 last 9 oldest 10 smaller 11 less 12older 13 most/more 14 better 15 best 16 farthest/furthest 17 oldest 18 elder/older 19 least 20 most
6.5D Context 1 nearer/nearest (We can sometimes use superlatives for 'only two' [> LEG 6 28].) 2 biggest 3 strongest 4 further/farther (or furthest/farthest) 5 smaller, i.e. 'of the two' (or smallest, i.e. 'I have ever seen') 6 weaker, i.e. 'of the two' (or weakest, і е. 'I have ever seen') 7 the most violent 8 smallest 9 biggest 10 last 11 best 12 oldest
7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner 7.1А Adverbs with and without '-ly': 'carefully', 'fast' I badly 2 hard 3 fast 4 better 5 airmail 6 suddenly 7 rudely 8 early 9 best 10 gladly II quickly 12 eagerly 13 last 14 high 15 carefully 16 late 17 bravely 18 near 19 wide 20 monthly
7.1 В Two forms and different meanings: 'hard/hardly' 1 hard 2 hardly 3 last 4 lastly 5 lately 6 late 7highly 8high 9justly 10 just 11 near 12 nearly
7.1C Adjectives which end in '-ly': 'friendly' 1 in a cowardly way/manner/fashion 2 quickly 3 loudly/loud 4 in a silly way/ manner/fashion 5 in a lively way/manner/fashion 6 slowly 7 badly 8 in a motherly way/manner/fashion 9 in a lovely way/ manner/fashion 10 carefully 11 in a sickly way/manner/fashion 12 in an unfriendly way/ manner/fashion
7.1 D Context I Last 2 important 3 early 4 carefully 5 best 6 best 7 far 8 fast 9 past 10 beautiful 11 in a silly way/ manner/fashion 12 quickly 13 rapidly 14 cheap/cheaply 15 full 16 hurriedly 17 new
7.2A Points of time: 'Monday', 'this morning' Write 1: 1 yesterday - today - tomorrow 2 yesterday morning - this morning - tomorrow morning 3 yesterday at noon - at noon - tomorrow at noon 4 yesterday afternoon - this afternoon - tomorrow afternoon
5 yesterday evening - this evening - tomorrow evening 6 last night - tonight - tomorrow night 7 last Monday - this Monday - next Monday 8 last January - this January - next January 9 last week - this week - next week 10 last year - this year - next year
Write 2: 1 She is arriving this morning, 2 I can see him today. 3 She arrived last night. 4 I'm expecting her tomorrow night. 5 I'll be home tonight. 6 You can make an appointment this afternoon. 7 You can see me the day after tomorrow. 8 She left yesterday evening. 9 You can see me the day after tomorrow in the morning. 10 You can come to my office at noon/at midday (today). 11 He left yesterday morning. 12 She'll phone tomorrow afternoon.
7.2B 'Still' and 'yet' 1 The children are still at the cinema. 2 I haven't met your brother yet./l haven't yet met your brother./l still haven't met your brother. 3 Jim still works for the same company. 4 Has she phoned you yet? No, not yet. 5 The new law hasn't come into force yet.The new law hasn't yet come into force./The new law still hasn't come into force.
7.2C 'Already' and other adverbs of time 1 I've already had it, thanks./I've had it already. 2 I haven't received an invitation to the party yet./ I haven't yet received an invitation to the party.3 І have already received an invitation to the party./ I have received an invitation to the party already. 4 Have you finished eating yet?/Have you already finished eating/finished eating already? 5 Haven't you finished eating yet?
7.2D Context 1 This week 2 yet 3 still 4 already 5 Yesterday 6 immediately 7 Then
7.3A 'Since', 'for' and 'ago' Write 1: 1 Since when have I... 2 ... a week ago. 3 ... seven months ago. 4 ... haven't seen her since (last week). 5 ... been home since 1987. 6 How long ago did ...
Write 2: 1 ... for five years ... 2 ... here since 1984. 3 ... him for six years. 4 ... a letter for weeks.5 ... a letter since last week.
6 ... jazz since I was a boy.
7.3B 'Till' (or 'until') and 'by' 1 till 2 till 3by 4 till 5 by 6 by 7 till
7.3C 'During', 'in' and 'for': 1 during/in 2 during 3 during/in 4 during/in 5 during/in 6 for 7 during 8 during 9 during 10 during/in 11 during/in 12 for
7.3 D Context: 1 ago 2 For 3 since 4 during/in 5 since 6till 7by 8till 9by 10during 11 for 12till
7.4A Position of adverbs of frequency ('often') in affirmatives and questions Possible answers: 1 I am generally late. 2 I was usually late for work. 3 І can always tell the difference between the two. 4 I would never have been able to find a job like yours. 5 You seldom tried hard enough. 6 You sometimes got good marks at school. 7 Are you often late? 8 Have you always lived in this town? 9 Did you ever get good marks at school?
7.4B The position of adverbs of frequency in negative statements 1 Public transport isn't always reliable. 2 He wasn't often late when he worked here./He often wasn't ... 3 She doesn't usually arrive on time. /She usually doesn't... 4 She sometimes doesn't arrive on time. 5 We don't normally worry if the children are late. Or We normally don't ... 6 You hardly ever phone 7 We don't generally complain./We generally don't... 8 You're sometimes not at home when I phone./You sometimes aren't...