- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
1.8A Adverbial clauses of time, place and manner [> leg 1.44-47]
Introduction. Suppose you want to write a paragraph like this: When we visited London, we went to the Tower. We saw the spot where so many famous people had lost their heads! We felt as if we had travelled back in time to another world'. If we want to speak or write like this, we have to master adverbial clauses of time (answering When?), place (answering Where?) and manner (answering How?)
Adverbial clauses of time (past reference) [> LEG 1.45.1]
To say when something happened in the past, we use 'joining words' (or conjunctions) like when, after, as, as soon as, before, by the time (that), once, since, until/till, while: When we visited Moscow, we went to the Cremlin, [compare > 9.6A]
Write: Join these sentences with the conjunctions in brackets.
1 I lost a lot of weight. I was ill. (when). I lost a lot of weight when I was ill. 2 I phoned home. I arrived in the airport building, (immediately after). 3 She had already opened the letter. She realized it wasn't addressed to her. (before) 4 The building had almost burnt down. The fire brigade arrived, (by the time) 5 We realized that something had gone wrong. We saw him run towards us. (as soon as)
1.8B
Adverbial clauses of time (future
reference) [>
leg
1.45.2]
When the time clause refers to the
future, we normally use the simple
present after (Not
Future - will
shall): after,
as soon as, before, by the time, directly, immediately, the moment,
till, until and
when:
The Owens will move to
a new flat when their
baby is born. (Not
"will be born")
Write: Join these pairs of sentences with the conjunctions in brackets, making necessary changes: 1 І won't know if I have got into university. I will get my exam results, (until) І won't know if I have got into university until I get my exam results. 2 I'll give him your message. He will phone, (as soon as) 3 We should visit the Duty Free Shop. Our flight will be called, (before) 4 I'll be dead. They will find a cure for the common cold, (by the time) 5 You'll get a surprise. You will open the door, (the moment)
1.8C Adverbial clauses of place [> leg 1.46]
To say where something happens or happened, we use conjunctions like where, wherever, anywhere and everywhere:
That dog follows me wherever I go.
Write: Complete the following sentences to say where.
1 This is the exact spot where the accident happened. 2 You're not allowed to park anywhere… 3 Some television programmes are familiar everywhere…4 Please sit wherever… 5 Let's put the television set in a place where…
1.8D Adverbial clauses of manner [> leg 1.47]
To say how something happens or happened, we use these conjunctions:
-as: Type this again as I showed you a moment ago.
-(in) the way (that), (in) the same way. Type this again in the way I showed you.
-as if/as though (especially after be, seem, etc.): I feel as if/as though I'm floating on air.
Write: Complete the following sentences to say how. 1 It sounds as if it is raining. 2 I think this omelette is exactly as... 3 When I told her the news she acted as though… 4 I think you should write the report in the way... 5 You never do anything the way...
1.8E Write: Put in the conjunctions as, as soon as, as if, before, that, the way (that), when, which. CAUGHT BY THE HEEL! Mr Boxell was just shutting his shoe shop at the end of the day1 when (When) a man in a well-cut suit walked in and asked for an expensive pair of shoes. There was something about2 .. the man walked that made Mr Boxell suspicious. He felt3... he had seen him before somewhere, and then remembered that he had - on TV! The man was a wanted criminal! The man tried on a few pairs of shoes4... he bought a pair5... Mr Boxell strongly recommended. They're a bit tight,' the man complained. They'll stretch, sir,' Mr Boxell said6. ... Mr Boxell had expected, the man limped into the shop next day to complain about the shoes7. ... he entered the shop, he was surrounded by police. Mr Boxell had deliberately sold the man a pair of shoes8... were a size too small, knowing he would return them the next day!
1.9 The complex sentence: reason and contrast 1.9A Adverbial clauses of reason [> leg 1 48]
1 Adverbial clauses of reason answer the question Why? We often give reasons by using 'joining words' (or conjunctions) like because, as, seeing (that), and since.
2 We often begin sentences with as and since. [Compare since (time) > 1 8A]
As (Since) it's a public holiday, you won't find many shops open.
3 We often use because in the second half of a sentence: Jim's trying to find a place of his own because he wants to feel independent. We can always use because in place of as, since and for [> 1.4A, Note 8]. We cannot always use as, since and for in place of because.
Write: Join these sentences with the conjunctions to say why. More than one order is possible.
1 Service in this hotel ought to improve. There's been a change of management. (because) Service in this hotel ought to improve because there's been a change of management. 2 The Air Traffic Controllers (авіадиспетчери) are on strike. We have cancelled our holiday. (as) 3 Could you sell your old computer to me? You have no further use for it. (seeing (that)) 4 She's never in when I phone. I'll have to write to her. (since) 5 I've had to have the document translated. I can't read Russian. (since)
1.9В Contrast (1 ) [> LEG 1 .50]
We can introduce contrast with conjunctions like although, considering (that), though, even though, even if, much as, while and whereas. Though I've had more than 20 lessons, I'm still not ready to take my driving test.
Write: Join these sentences using the conjunctions in brackets to introduce contrast. More than one order is possible.
1 I'm going to buy a computer. I haven't got much money. (even though) I'm going to buy a computer, even though I haven't got much money. 2 I intend to go for a walk this morning. It's raining, (even if) 3 I'd like to help you. I'm afraid I won't be able to. (much as) 4 Your design is excellent. It isn't suitable for our purposes, (while) 5 I try hard to play the piano. I don't seem to improve, (although) 6 Chinese is so difficult. It's surprising how many people learn it. (considering that) 7 The play was wonderful. The film was a commercial failure, (whereas)
1.9C Contrast (2) [> leg 1 .50]
We can also introduce contrast with:
1 however + adjective or adverb: e.g. however small, however much. I intend to buy a CD player however much (or whatever) it costs.
2 no matter, e.g. no matter how much, no matter where, no matter how (slow/slowly). They'll find him no matter where he's hiding.
Write: Join these sentences using the conjunctions in brackets. Make any necessary changes. 1 It's expensive. He's determined to buy it. (however expensive) However expensive it is he’s determined to buy it. 2 I work hard. I still have to take work home with me. (however hard) 3 You write well. It doesn't mean you will be published, (however well) 4 She feels sorry. The damage has been done, (no matter how sorry) 5 How much will they pay us. It will never compensate us. (no matter how much) 6 It doesn't matter how many cards I send. I always receive more, (no matter how many) 7 It doesn't matter what he tells you. Don't believe a word he says, (whatever)
1.9D Write: Put in the conjunctions as, because, even though, since, though, while. A SORT OF HUMANBURGER
1 Even though it's difficult to find work these days, Joe Dobson has just given up his job. They were surprised when he announced this at the Job Centre2..., after a lot of effort, they had found Joe a job at a Hamburger Bar.3....Joe wasn't highly-qualified, this hadn't been easy. Yet Joe resigned,4... the job was easy and quite well-paid. 'What did you have to do for your money?' the young woman at the Job Centre asked. 'Strange5... it sounds,' Joe said, 'I had to dress up as a hamburger and stand outside the restaurant.' 'A sort of humanburger?' she suggested. That's right,' Joe said. 'I had to stand between the two round halves of a bun,6… I was "disguised" as the hamburger filling, covered in tomato sauce. The uniform was wonderful,7... I looked good enough to eat. The manager was pleased with me,8... I attracted a lot of customers.' 'So why did you give up, Joe?' the young woman asked kindly. '9… ' Joe said, his voice breaking slightly, 'students kept turning me on my side and rolling me down hill'.