- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
Postmen have stopped (deliver)1 delevering letters to the new houses in our area. They object to the letterboxes on the front doors. They hate (push)2… letters through them, because the letterboxes snap shut. If you try (push) 3… a letter through, you can't get your fingers out! You try (push) 4… a letter into one of these boxes and see what happens! You quickly regret (have) 5… tried! They have been designed to stop burglars (open) 6… your front door from the outside, but postmen dread (use) 7… them as well. The painful condition known as Letterbox Finger is just as bad as Housemaid's Knee or Tennis Elbow!
Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
Write 1: 1 S John Bailey V has set О a new high-jump record. 2 S The passport officer V examined О the passport. 3 S The dogs V don't like О these biscuits. 4 S The shop assistant V is wrapping О the parcel. 5 S The visitors V have seen О the new buildings. 6 S My father V didn't wash О the dishes. 7 S The plumber V is going to fix О the pipe. 8 V Will S the goalkeeper V catch О the ball? 9 V Has S the guest V enjoyed О the meal?10 S John V can't play О the game.
Write 2: 1 S The children V slept Т till 11 o'clock this morning 2 S He V threw О the papers P into the bin. 3 S I V don't speak О English M well. 4 S Mrs Jones V hides О her money P under the bed 5 S You V didn't pack О this suitcase M carefully. 6 S I V left О some money P on this shelf Т this morning. (or Т This morning SI V left О some money P on this shelf.) 7 S You V 'II have to get О a loan P from the bank. 8 S The phone V/O woke me up Т in the middle of the night. (or: Т In the middle of the night S the phone V/O woke me up.) 9 S You V shouldn't walk P in the park Т at night. 10 S You V should eat О your food M slowly. 11 S My term V begins Т in October 12 S I V read О your article M quickly P in bed Т last night (or; Т Last night S I V read О your article M quickly P in bed.)
1.1 В The forms of a sentence 1 Don't spill the coffee. (C) 2 Have you seen today's newspapers? (Q) 3 How nice to meet you! (E)
4 Where did you put my umbrella? (Q) 5 The train arrived fifteen minutes late. (S) 6 The plane won't arrive on time. (S)
7 I can't pay this electricity bill. (S) 8 Please open the door for me. (C) 9 'Where's the nearest hotel?' he asked. (Q) 10 'I can't pay the bill!' he cried. (E)
1.1 С Context 1 I parked my car in the centre of the village. 2 I saw an old man near a bus stop. 3 'What a beautiful village!' I exclaimed. 4 'How many people live here?' 5 There are seventeen people,' the old man said. 6 'How long have you lived here?' 7 'I have lived here all my life. 8 'It's a quiet sort of place, isn't it?' 9 'We live a quiet life here. 10 We don't have a cinema or a theatre. 11 Our school was closed five years ago. 12 We have only one shop. 13 A bus calls once a day. 14 The Romans came here in 55 B.C. 15 Since then nothing has happened.'
1.2A What is a complete sentence? The following need ticks: 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20.
1.2B Verbs with and without objects. Possible answers for those verbs that need an object:
1 contains pencils 4 ringing the doorbell 5 need a rest 7 hit him 8 beat the other team 9 opened the fridge. 13 This sentence could be complete, or we could say e.g. I began my work. 16 enjoy the film?
1.2C Sentences with linking verbs like 'be' and 'seem' Possible answers: 1 tall (adjective) 2 a teacher (noun) 3 sour (adjective) 4 in the garden (phrase of place) 5 at 6.30 (phrase of time) 6 mine (possessive pronoun) 7 Іikе his grandfather (prepositional phrase) 8 (too) loud (adjective) 9 a nice person (adjective + noun) 10 a lawyer (noun)
1.2D Context 1 My son Tim attends the local school. 2 My wife and I went to his school yesterday, (or: Yesterday, ...) 3 We spoke to his teachers. 4 We collected Tim's school report. 5 Tim's report wasn't very good. 6 His marks were low in every subject. 7 Tim was waiting anxiously for us outside. 8 'How was my report?' he asked eagerly. 9 'It wasn't very good,’ I said. 10 'You must try harder. II That boy Ogilvy seems very clever. 12 He got good marks in all subjects.' 13 'Ogilvy has clever parents,' Tim said.
1.3А Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object: 'Show me that photo' 1 Please find them for me./Please find me them.
2 Please buy one for him./Please buy him one. 3 Please pass it to me./Please pass me it. 4 Please show it to her./Please show her it.
5 Please do it for me. (Not *Do me it*) 6 Please order one for me./PIease order me one.
1.3B Verb + object + 'to' + noun or pronoun: 'Explain it to me' 1 this camera to the Customs 2 me to your friend/ your friend to me 3 what you like to me 4 this idea to you 5 his crime to the police 6 this to anyone 7 this man to me 8 this to anyone 9 this to the headmaster 10 what I told you to anyone
1.3C The two meanings of 'for' instead of: 2, 4, 6, 7, 9 for your/my benefit: 1, 3, 5, 8, 10
1.3D Context: The following need ticks: 1 buy me an expensive uniform 5 write our parents a letter 7 lend anyone anything 8 give help to each other