- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
Mrs Johns, a 75 year-old widow, woke up with a start. Peering into the darkness, she was astonished (see) 1 to see a man in her room. It was easy (see)2… he was a burglar. At first, she was too afraid (move)3… Then she plucked up her courage and said, 'We must talk about this over a cup of tea. Would you be so kind (help me)4… downstairs?' To her surprise, the man meekly obeyed. He was eager (help)5… and anxious (please)6… the old lady. He prepared the tea and said he was sorry (have disturbed)7… her. He was too frightened (run away)8… . After a cup of tea, he said he would be glad (give)9… Mrs Johns his name and address and left empty-handed. Of course, Mrs Johns informed the police, who commended her for her bravery. Later, during the trial the judge said it was his duty (send)10… the man to prison, describing him as the most incompetent burglar he had ever met!
16.5 The '-ing' form 16.5A Basic information about the '-ing' form [> LEG 16.38-40,2.16.5]
We use the -ing form in three ways:
1 We use it as a verb (called a participle): He is playing. She is writing, etc. [> 9.2B, 9.4B]
Walking in the park yesterday, I saw a bird building a nest. [> 1.11 -12] (= I was walking. + The bird was building a nest.)
2 We use the -ing form as an adjective: I need some hot/boiling water. (= water which is hot)/(= water which is boiling) [> 2.2A]
3 We use the –ing form as a noun (called a gerund): I like coffee/swimming, (i.e. 'the act of swimming')
Note: With a few exceptions, we use the -ing form (gerund) like any other noun.
Write: Supply gerund forms for the words in brackets. (For spelling, [> 9.2A])
A1 The gerund as an uncountable noun in general statements [> 3.5A]
1 Dancing is fun. (dance)
2 … tall is an advantage, (be)
3 … tall is an advantage, (not be)
4 What I like is… (ride)
5 I enjoy… (read)
6 … makes me tired, (drive)
7 … able to drive is a disadvantage, (not be)
8 … keeps you fit. (run)
9 I like… (cycle)
10 … is a difficult profession, (act)
A2 The gerund as an uncountable noun with 'some', 'a lot of 'a little', etc. [e.g. > 10.7A]
1 He does a lot of reading (read)
2 Did you do any… ? (iron)
3 I did some… this morning, (shop)
4 I do very little … these days, (swim)
5 There's no … my decision (regret)
6 I heard a lot of… last night, (shout)
7 There's more… in the streets, (fight)
8 We all enjoy a bit of… (sing)
9 We all need a little… (encourage)
10 I've done enough… for today, (garden)
A3 The gerund as an uncountable noun after prepositions [> 16.7D]
1 This is used for cutting metal, (cut)
2 What can you do besides…? (dig)
3 I'm against… (box)
4 I'm always hungry after… (sleep)
5 Try to work without… a noise, (make)
6 What do you know about …? (compute)
7 I'm not interested in… (garden)
8 She's above… (argue)
9 Since… I've done nothing, (retire)
10 Taste it before… (complain)
A4 The gerund as an uncountable noun after adjectives and possessives [compare >16.6C-D]
1 Quick thinking saved us. (think)
2 Her quick… saved us. (think)
3 Your… to help hurt him. (refuse)
4 His… doesn't matter, (not know)
5 I like your… (violin play)
6 The meat will be fine with slow… (cook)
7 We had some tough… (train)
8 His… woke us up. (shout)
9 Their… delighted everyone, (sing)
10 Try deep… (breathe)
A5 The gerund as an uncountable noun after 'no' in prohibitions [compare > 11.3B]
1 No parking (park)
2 No… (camp)
3 No… (wait) .
4 No… (smoke)
5 No… (trespass)
6 No… (fish)
A6 The gerund as a countable noun in the singular and plural
1 He owns a painting by Hockney. (paint)
2 He owns several… by Hockney. (paint)
3 … is priceless.(Leonardo’s drawing)
4 Are there many… ? (Leonardo’s drawings)
5 I have… of Tosca. (new recording)
6 There was… on the door, (banging)
7 There was… of bells, (ringing)
8 I have three… of this, (recording)
9 There's… on the left, (turning)
10 There are three… to the right, (turning)
A7 The gerund after 'the', 'this' and 'these'
1 Who does the cooking in this house? (cook)
2 Have you done the… ? (shop)
3 The… of rubbish is forbidden, (burn)
4 This… is hard to read, (write)
5 These… are expensive (draw)
6 I've taken the wrong… (turn)
7 The… of wine is difficult, (make)
8 Have you heard this… of Bach? (record)
9 The… of Picasso are wonderful, (paint)
10 These… are valuable, (record)
A8 The gerund followed by an object
1 He's good at repairing bikes, (repair)
2 … fruit is good for you. (eat)
3 … a car costs money, (run)
4 I hate… the washing-up, (do)
5 He enjoys… orders, (give)
6 … holes is hard work, (dig)
7 Do you mind… places? (change)
8 … beds is boring, (make)
9 What do you know about…maps? (make)
10 You should avoid… rules, (make)
A9 Perfect gerund forms, active [> 16.6A]
1 I'm sorry for having disturbed you. (have disturb)
2 I didn't take it. I deny… it. (have take)
3 I'm annoyed about… all that money, (have lose)
4 I appreciate… me (your have help)
5 I enjoy … with you. (have work)
A10 Perfect gerund forms, passive [> 16.6A]
1 That explains his having been fired from his job. (his have fire)
2 I don't mind… above me. (his have promote)
3 I resent… (have dismissed)
4 He's surprised at… (have find out)
5 She's angry at… abroad, (have post)