15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.

SECOND HAND GOODS. It’s a sad fact that people steal from hotels. Recently I interviewed Mr David Wills, the manager of a large hotel, and he 1 told me that all kinds of things, large and small 2… constantly stolen. Mr Wills told3… that a check4… made on a person’s room as soon as they (leave)5… it but unless someone had walked off with a wardrobe he (advise)6… the staff (not/make)7… a fuss. What is even more surprising Mr Wills 8… is the things people leave behind - anything from wooden legs to false teeth. He then9… on to tell me a story about a snobbish (чванливий, пихатий) lady who (recently check out)10… She (object) 11… that her bill (be)12… too high but paid it nevertheless. Just as she (leave) 13… the phone rang and the cashier answered it. He then14… the lady that a hotel bathrobe was missing from her room. The lady expressed great surprise and 15… that the hotel maid must have packed it in by mistake. But the maid has just reported the bathrobe missing the cashier 16… Handing over the bathrobe the lady left in disgust. Who wants a second hand bathrobe anyway? She said as she made her way to a taxi complaining that hotel service (be) 17… not what it used to be.

16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form

16.1 The bare infinitive and the to-infinitive 16.1 A Forms of the infinitive [> LEG 16.1-3]

1 We often use the base form of a verb (go) as an infinitive. We call this the bare infinitive because we use it without to. We must distinguish it from the to-infinitive, where we always use to in front of the base form of the verb (to go). The most common use of the bare infinitive is after modal verbs He may/can (etc.) go [> 11.1A-B

2 Forms of the infinitive: present infinitive present progressive infinitive perfect or past infinitive perfect/past progressive infinitive

Active (not) (to) ask (not) (to) be asking (not) (to) have asked (not) (to) have been asking

Passive (not) (to) be asked - (not) (to) have been asked -

Write: Using the verbs in brackets, supply the appropriate forms of the infinitive: be doing, be done, do, have been doing, have been done, or have done.

1 We can leave soon, (leave)

2 I don't know what Mark's doing. He may… in his room, (study)

3 She's a slow worker! I could… the job twice in the time she's taken, (do)

4 Why were you waiting here? You should… round the corner, (wait)

5 I promise you your order will… today, (send)

6 'How was that table scratched?' - It must… when it was being moved.' (do)

16.1B 'Let', 'make', 'would rather/sooner' and 'had better' TO [> LEG 16.4-5]

1 We use the imperative form Let's (= Let us) + bare infinitive for making suggestions: Let's take a taxi! Let's take a taxi, shall we? Do let's take a taxi. [> 11 6F] The negative is: Let's not (take a taxi). Or: Don't let's (take a taxi).

2 Let as a full verb (= 'allow') is always followed by a noun or pronoun + bare infinitive: I won't let you/him, etc. go. Don't let the children annoy you. They won't let us speak.

3 Make (= compel) is followed by a bare infinitive in the active: She made them work hard. It is followed by a to-infinitive in the passive: They were made to work hard.

4 We use the bare infinitive after would rather (not), would sooner (not), had better (not): I'd rather be told the truth. You'd better not go near the edge. [> 11.8A]

Write: Supply suitable infinitive forms for the verbs given in brackets.

1 Let's go to the cinema, (go)

2 Let's… out long, (not stay)

3 Let's… shall we? (go out)

4 Don't let's… home yet. (go)

5 Let XYZ… a triangle, (be)

6 Let me… that letter for you. (post)

7 They didn't let her… jeans, (wear)

8 He made me… the mess, (clear up)

9 That T-shirt makes you… younger, (look)

10 I was made… floors, (scrub)

11 I'd rather… for a walk in the rain than… nothing at all. (go, do)

12 I'd rather… anything if you don't mind, (not have)

13 I don't really want to see that play. I'd sooner… at home, (stay)

14 You'd better… what you think, (not say)

15 It's late. I think we'd better… (go)

16.1C The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know' [> LEG 16.7]

1 We may use a bare infinitive or a to-infinitive after a few verbs like help and know. The use of a to-infinitive is more formal:

Mother helped me (to) do my homework. We do not usually omit to after not.

How can I help my children not to worry about their exams?

2 We sometimes use help without a noun or pronoun object:

Everyone in the village helped (to) build the new Youth Centre.

3 We have a noun or pronoun object after know.

I've never known her (to) be late before. I've never known her not (to) be late.

We use to in the passive: He was known to have/to have had a quick temper as a boy.

Write: Join or rewrite the sentences below using the words given.

1 I found this book. The librarian helped me. The librarian helped (me)(to) find this book.

2 I have to fill in this job application form. Can you help me? Can you… ?

3 You mustn't worry so much. I can help you. I can help…

4 People know him to be a very generous man. He…

5 He's a ruthless businessman. He is known for that. He's known…

6 She's never on time. I've never known…

16.1 D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. ONE CUBE OR TWO?

When we were at school as children we were (make/wear) made to wear indoor shoes inside the school building. The teachers would never (let us/wear)2… our outdoor shoes at all and they (make us/change)3… in the changing rooms from the moment we entered the building. I'd never known teachers (be)4… more strict about any other school rule. The trouble was that my indoor shoes really (make me/suffer)5… because they were so tight. ('Let/expand)6… our shoes!' a fellow sufferer suggested. He had had a brilliant idea. We put plastic bags inside our shoes and poured water into the bags. We sealed the bags carefully and put our shoes into the freezer. Of course the ice (make the shoes/expand)7… and they were a pleasure to wear. This clever idea (help me/get)8… through my schooldays with less discomfort and I have never forgotten it!

16.2 The bare infinitive or the '-ing' form; the to-infinitive 16.2A Verbs of perception: 'Watch him draw/drawing' [> LEG 16.9.2 3]

1 We can use a noun or pronoun object + the bare infinitive or -ing after these verbs:

feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, watch [compare > 16.6B].

2 The bare infinitive generally refers to the complete action:

I watched a pavement artist draw a portrait in crayons, (i.e. from start to finish)

3 The -ing form generally refers to an action in progress:

I watched a pavement artist drawing a portrait in crayons, (i.e. I saw part of the action)

4 We often use hear, observe, perceive and see in the passive + -ing or a to-infinitive:

They were seen waiting. They were seen to climb through the window.

Write: Join these pairs of sentences, deciding when to use a bare infinitive or -ing.

1 She crossed the road. I saw her. I saw her cross the road.

2 She was crossing the road. I caught sight of her. I noticed…

3 Something's burning. I can smell it. I can smell…

4 They sang a song. I listened to them. I listened…

5 She was shouting at the children. I heard her. I heard…

6 The robbers were waiting near the bank. They were seen. The robbers were seen…

16.2B 'Have' + object: 'Have the next patient come in' [> LEG 16 10.1-2]

1 When we cause someone to do something for us, we use have + object + bare infinitive:

Have the next patient come in, please, [compare > 12.3B]

We may also use have + know, have +believe: I'll have you know I'm the company secretary.

2 We use have + object + -ing to refer to intended results, and unintended consequences:

I’ll have you speaking English in no time. You'll have the neighbours complaining.

Write: Use the bare infinitive or the -ing form after have in these sentences.

1 Have him bring his car round the back, (bring)

2 'I will not have students… on the walls of this college,' the principal said, (draw)

3 I'll have you… I'm a qualified accountant, (know)

4 He had her… he was a millionaire, (believe)

5 We have people… us up all hours of the day and night, (ring)

6 The film had them… right from the first few minutes, (laugh)

7 He's an excellent piano teacher. He'll have you… in about a year, (play)

8 I'll have the plumber… the central heating boiler, (look at)

9 The sergeant had all the recruits… like real soldiers inside a month, (march)

10 He had never had anything like that… to him before, (happen)

16.2C (Not) to', 'so as (not) to', 'in order (not) to' [> LEG 16.2,16.12-18]

1 We use to, so as to and in order to to express purpose [compare > 1.10A]:

I went to France to learn French. I went to France so as to/in order to learn French. We can also use the to-infinitive (not 'so as to* *in order to*) to express sequence: We came home after our holidays to find the house neat and tidy. (= and found)

2 We use not to for alternatives:

I went to France not to learn Spanish, but to learn French.

3 We use so as not to and in order not to to express 'negative purpose' (Not *to not*):

I shut the door quietly so as not to/in order not to wake the baby.

4 We use the to-infinitive after many verbs like appear, arrange, hope, 'd like, and want.

He told me to phone home. I hope to see you soon. I want to travel abroad.

Note the difference in meaning between these negatives:

He didn't tell me to phone home. He told me not to phone home.

Write: Use to, so as to, in order to in these sentences. Alternatives are sometimes possible.

1 I went to town to do/in order to do/so as to do (some shopping, (do)

2 He covered the floor with a sheet… paint on it. (not splash)

3 I got out some more chairs for the other guests… on. (sit)

4 Can you arrange for me… the doctor tomorrow? (see)

5 We came home… the house had been burgled, (find)

6 She left home… (never return)

7 I'd like… to the States for a holiday one year, (go)

8 We would like… at your party, (have been)

9 Mr Smith wants… you later, (see)

10 He appears… all about our arrangement, (have forgotten)

11 The keeper told us … the monkeys, (not feed)

12 She told us to feed the hens. She… the horses, (not tell us/feed)