- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
12.1 A Basic forms of the passive [> LEG 12.1-3] Vocabulary: active/passive voice — активний/пасивний стан;
form the passive with a suitable (right or appropriate) form of – утворювати пасивний стан відповідною формою…;
Basic (forming an essential foundation or starting point; fundamental) tense forms – основні часові форми; object - додаток;
1 In the active voice, the subject of the verb is the person or thing that does the action: John burnt the dinner last night. In the passive voice, the action is done to the subject: The dinner was burnt last night.
2 We form the passive with a suitable form of be + past participle. Only verbs which take an object (transitive verbs [>1.2B]) can go into the passive: The dinner was burnt. (But not *The plane was arrived.*)
3 Basic tense forms are a tense of be + past participle: present: he writes > it is written; past: he wrote > it was written;
present/past perfect: he has/had written > it has/had been written
4 Basic modal forms are: modal + be/have been +past participle:
will: he will write > it will be written
may: he may write > it may be written
may have: he may have written > it may have been written, etc.
5 Infinitive: to be/to have been + past participle [> 16.1A]: he is/was to write > it is to be written/it was to have been written
Write 1: Mark with a P those sentences which will go into the passive.1 Someone will drive you to the airport. _P
2 Goldfish live in fresh water. _ 3 The Egyptians built pyramids._ 4 We walked for miles yesterday._ 5 They arrived at 7 last night. 6 They informed me about it._ 7 I slept till 8. 8 It's raining._ 9 You must obey the rules (слухатися, коритися правилам). _ 10 He's sneezing (чхає) again._
Vocabulary: sneeze [sniːz] 1. чхання 2. чхати •• he is not to be sneezed at - з ним треба рахуватися; goldfish [go͟ʊldfɪʃ] золота рибка, карась (goldfish is both the singular and the plural form.) Goldfish are small gold or orange fish which are often kept as pets.
Write 2: Rewrite these sentences in the passive.
1 They owe a lot of money to the bank. A lot of money is owed to the bank. 2 They have proved that there is no life on the moon. It … 3 You can buy videos like this one anywhere. 4 Someone has to write the history of the European Community one day. 5 Someone may have already written the history of the European Community. 6 When we arrived home, we found that someone had broken one of our windows. 7 They have sold their car to pay their debts. 8 They hold a meeting in the village hall once a week (проводити збори у сільській раді раз на тиждень)
Vocabulary: owe a lot of money to – заборгувати великі гроші; to pay their debts to – заплатити борги; the European Community – Європейська Спільнота;
In the United States, a village hall is the seat of government for villages. It functions much as a city hall does within cities. In the United Kingdom, a village hall is usually a building within a village which contains at least one large room, usually owned by and run for the benefit of the local community. Such a hall is typically used for a variety of public and private events, such as parish council meetings, sports club functions, local drama productions, dances, jumble sales (дрібна торгівля – chandlery) and private parties. Village halls sometimes have charitable status. They are occasionally called the village institute rather than village hall.
12.1 B The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed' [>LEG 12.3n.6]
Vocabulary: progressive forms – форми триваючого часу; form the passive with – утворювати пасивний стан за допомогою;
Only the present and past progressive [> 9.2B, 9.4B] are common in the passive.
We form the passive with the progressive form of be (am/is/are/was/were being) + a past participle:
present progressive: They are interviewing her now. > She is being interviewed now.
past progressive: They were interviewing her here. > She was being interviewed here.
Write: Rewrite these sentences beginning with the words provided (подані слова).
1 The manager always welcomes new employees. New employees are always welcomed by the manager. 2 They're building a new supermarket near the church. A new supermarket … 3 They fought the battle in 1623. The battle … 4 Someone was cleaning the windows while I was there. The windows… 5 Someone has moved my desk! My desk … 6 They are taking the refugees to a camp outside the village. The refugees … 7 Someone had signed all the documents before I arrived. All the documents … 8 They were questioning us and searching our vehicle at the same time. We … and our vehicle … 9 They will post our letters when the ship arrives at the next port of call. Our letters … 10 They are opening the case again because they're not satisfied with the verdict. The case …
Vocabulary: always welcomes – завжди вітає; take the refugees to a camp outside the village – помістити біженців до табору за селом; were questioning us and searching our vehicle at the same time – допитували нас та обшукували транспорт водночас; the ship arrives at the next port of call – корабель прибуває у наступний пункт призначення; are opening the case again – знову відкривають справу; not satisfied with the verdict – не погодитися з вироком;
12.1 C Context: Put in the correct forms, active or passive, of the verbs in brackets
HOW THE OTHER HALF (інша половина) LIVES (?) Lord Manners was a rich and famous banker. When he (die) 1 died recently, he (give)2 a magnificent (пишний, розкішний) funeral ( which (attend)3 by hundreds of famous people. The funeral was going to (hold)4 in Westminster Abbey. Many ordinary people (line)5 the streets to watch the procession. The wonderful black and gold carriage (draw)6 by six black horses. The mourners (follow)7 in silence. Lord Manners (give)8 a royal farewell. Two tramps were among the crowd. They (watch)9 the procession with amazement. As solemn music (could hear)10 in the distance, one of them (turn)11 to the other and (whisper)12 in admiration,’Now that's what I call really living!’
Vocabulary: put in the correct forms - вставте правильні форми; in brackets - у дужках; the other half - інша половина;
magnificent funeral - пишний, розкішний похорон, a ceremony or service held shortly after a person's death, usually including the person's burial or cremation; mourners - плакальники; was given a royal farewell – отримав королівське прощання;
A tramp (бомж, бурлака) is a person who has no home or job, and very little money. Tramps go from place to place, and get food or money by asking people or by doing casual work.
12.2 Uses of the passive 12.2A Uses of the passive [> LEG 12.1, 12.4,13]
1 The passive is not just a different form of the active. It has its own uses and is very common in English. It would be hard to think of the active forms of sentences like: Rome wasn't built in a day. The origin of the universe will never be explained.
2 We use the passive mainly in three ways:
- when we don't want to take responsibility for something: The matter will be dealt with soon. (We don't know or want to say who'll deal with it.)
- when we want to focus on a happening, not who or what did it: Our roof was damaged in last night's storm. (We're concerned about the roof.)
- when we want to avoid 'vague subjects' like one, someone, they, etc.: The form has to be signed. (Not *Someone/One has to sign the form. *) English spoken. (Not 'One speaks English*) Shoes repaired. (Not *One repairs shoes")
Write: Supply suitable active and passive forms in these sentences using the verbs in brackets. Some variations in tenses may be possible.
1 It isn't clear how far the ozone layer (damage) has been damaged by aerosol sprays. It may be possible to tell whether the hole over the Antarctic (widen) has widened after the area (investigate ) has been investigated by high-flying planes. 2 These days, even the most remote places on earth (visit)… by tourists. Package tours (can/arrange)… for almost anywhere, from the Himalayas to the Amazonian jungle. 3 Notices such as (English/Speak)… and (Shoes/Repair)… are common. Sometimes they (translate)… into different languages for the benefit of tourists. 4 We (constantly remind)… of the way the world (become)… smaller when events taking place in different parts of the globe (flash)… on our television screens. 5 If you (involve)… in a car accident and someone (hurt)…, you (have to)… report the matter to the police. If only the vehicles (damage)… drivers should exchange names and addresses.
12.2B The use of 'by'+ agent (='doer') after a passive [> LEG 12.5]
1 We use by only when we need to say who or what is responsible for an event: The window was broken last night. (We don't know or want to say who or what did it.) The window was broken by a slate that fell off the roof. (We wish to give information.)
2 We often use by + agent with the passive of verbs like build, compose, damage, design, destroy, discover, invent, make and write to identify who or what is/was responsible: Who designed St Paul's?- It was designed by Christopepher Wren.
Write: Supply passive forms with by + agent where necessary.
1 When Jasper Morgan died his collection of pictures (sell) was sold to raise enough money to pay his taxes. Tremendous interest in the sale (show/the general public) was shown by the general public.
2 The music that (compose/Beethoven)… towards the end of his life is very different from his early music. The music (write)… in extremely difficult conditions.
3 Many beautiful old buildings in cities (replace/modern ones). If this replacement (not control)… it isn't very long before a city loses its character.