- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
11.12A 'Need' as a modal and as a full verb [> LEG 11.49]
1 We use need as a modal (without to after it) mainly in the negative to mean 'it isn't necessary' [> 11.10B-C]: I needn't go to the meeting today. I needn't have gone to the meeting yesterday.
2 In the affirmative, we use need as a modal:
- in questions: Need you go so soon? Need you have told him the truth?
- with 'negative adverbs' (e.g. hardly): I need hardly tell you how important this is.
3 Otherwise, we generally use the full verb need to (used like any regular verb): I need to/I don't need to/I needed to/I didn't need to go to the dentist this morning.
Write: Replace the phrases in italics with modal need or the full verb need to. Mark as a modal or full verb.
1 Is it necessary for you to go so soon? Need you go? (modal) Do you need to go? (full verb) 2 Is it necessary for me to wait till you return? … 3 It's not necessary for them to wait … 4 It wasn't necessary for you to have said that … 5 It's hardly necessary for me to explain it. [> 13. 2A] … 6 There is no need for him to learn about this … 7 All that is necessary for you to do is to agree … 8 I don't think there is any need for you to explain.
11.12B The form of 'dare' as a modal and as a full verb [> LEG 11 65 66]
1 We use dare as a modal (that is, without to after it) mainly in the negative to express lack of courage:
I daren't tell him the truth. I daren't ask for more money.
2 In the affirmative, we use dare as a modal:
- in questions: Dare you do it?
- with 'negative adverbs' (e.g. hardly): I hardly dare tell him what happened.
3 We also form questions with do/does/did: Do you dare tell him? I don't dare tell him.
4 We can use dare to as a full verb: Do you dare to tell him? I don't dare to tell him.
5 And note: I didn't like the meal ..., but I daren't say so/I daren't have said so/I didn't dare (to) say so/I dared not say so.
Write: Supply dare, daren't, dare not have (done), didn't dare (do), etc. 1 I daren’t tell them I've just broken their favourite vase. 2 I … tell them I had broken their favourite vase. 3 I hardly … mention this, but you still haven't paid for those tickets. 4 … we ask for more money after what he has just said? 5 I knew I was right, but I … say so at the time. 6 I'm going to tell your mother what you've just said! - Just you …! 7 She'd like to wear more unconventional clothes, but she … 8 We didn't like the meal they gave us, but we … said so. It would have been rude. 9 They offered me something strange to eat which I … refuse.
11.12C Uses of 'dare' сміти, наважуватися, насмілюватися [> LEG n .67-69] We use dare in four ways to express:
1 courage: Very few climbers have dared (to) attempt Mount Everest without oxygen. Dare (to) is in the affirmative here, and this use is relatively rare.
2 lack of courage: I don't dare (to) tell the children that our holiday has been cancelled. This use of dare (to), in the negative, is the most common.
3 challenge: I dare you to jump off that wall. (Not *I dare you jump*) We use dare only as a full verb with to for challenging. We use it in the affirmative and negative like any other verb. 'Challenging' is common in the language of children.
4 outrage, наруга; образа: How dare you read my private diary' (Not *How dare you to read"). We use dare only as a modal without to when expressing outrage.
Write: What do the sentences below express? Choose a courage, b lack of courage, c challenge, or d outrage:
1 You dare raise your voice! D 2 I dare you to put a spider in her desk … 3 How dare you speak to me like that?... 4 He's the only person who'll dare (to) stand up to her' … 5 I wanted to ask for some time off, but I didn't dare … 6 Jill's friends dared her to bring her pet snake to class … 7 I daren't ask for any more money ... 8 He lost his job because he dared (to) speak out. 9 Don't you dare do anything like that in public again! … 10 I daren't have said so at the time, but I was very bored… 11 John never dares to stand up in public and say what he thinks. 12 I'm going to break the door down I - Just you dare!...
11.12D Context Write: Combine the correct forms of dare and need with the verbs in brackets. UNWELCOME FRESH AIR!
It was a routine flight from Hilo on Hawaii to Kahului 110 miles away. Suddenly, there was a tremendous noise and the top of the plane was torn away! Ninety-four passengers (not move) 1 dared not move wondering what would happen next. They (not worry) 2 … because Robert Schornsteimer, the pilot, was firmly in control. For 25 minutes they hardly (breathe) 3 … though there was plenty of unwelcome fresh air. 'I (not open)4 … my mouth,' one of the passengers said later. 'I hardly (tell)5 … you how terrified I was.' The passengers embraced the pilot who had brought the plane down safely. 'I've heard of a plane flying off a roof,' joked one of them later, 'but never of a roof flying off a plane!'
11.13 'Would/wouldn't'; 'that ... should'; 'there' + modal
11.13A 'Would' and 'wouldn't' in place of the simple present tense or 'will' future [> LEG 11.74.2]
We often use would and wouldn't in place of the simple present (and sometimes in place of will/won't) when we want to sound less definite, or when we want to be very polite: That seems to be a good idea. > That would seem to be a good idea.
I think Friday will be OK. > I would think that Friday will be OK. Thursday isn't/won't be convenient. >Thursday wouldn't be convenient.
Write: Replace the verbs in italics with would and wouldn't. 1 £100 is rather expensive for a pair of gloves … 2 I'm sure your proposal isn't acceptable to the committee … 3 Does my idea seem reasonable to you? - I think so …4 This new law doesn't seem to be fair to pensioners … 5 I'm not free on Thursday, but I'm free on Friday … 6 She's offered to help, but I don't imagine she's serious … 7 Does that seem a reasonable price to offer for a used car?
11.13B That... should' after verbs like 'suggest' [> LEG 11.75, App 45.3]
If we put that after verbs like ask, propose, recommend, suggest, we continue like this:
- with should: I suggest that he should apply/ shouldn't apply for the job.
- with the simple present: I suggest that he applies/he doesn't apply for the job.
- with the 'subjunctive': I suggest that he apply/not apply for the job.
Note on the 'subjunctive': In the 'subjunctive', the base form of the verb (be, go, run, etc.) remains the same in all persons. The present form is rare in British English: I suggest you go/he go/they (etc.) go to the meeting tomorrow. The subjunctive form were is used in all persons in the past [> 11.7B,14.2B].
Write: a Supply suitable verb forms in these sentences.
b Then mark your answers a (= should), b (= simple present) or c (= 'subjunctive').
1 Marion proposed that we should buy a gift for Jim who would soon be leaving the firm. (we/buy) a 2 The travel agent recommended that … driving abroad during the holidays. (we/avoid) … 3 I suggest that … this matter during the meeting, (he/not raise) … 4 All I ask is that ... the rules, (they/not break) … 5 What does he advise? (she/do) … 6 It's no good demanding that … our performance. We're doing our best. (we/improve) … 7 I would only request that … good care of this flat while you're living in it. (you/take) … 8 Her solicitor insisted that she…in signing the contract, (not/delay) … 9 I suggest … a taxi if we want to get to the meeting on time, (we/take) … 10 He asks that … to visit his children once a week, (he/be allowed) …
11.13C 'That... should' after adjectives like 'essential' [> LEG 11.75.3, App 44]
If we put that after adjectives like essential, urgent, vital, we continue like this:
- with should: It's urgent that he should send the information at once.
- with the simple present: It's urgent that he sends the information at once.
- with the 'subjunctive': It's urgent that he send the information at once.
Write: A Supply suitable verb forms in these sentences. B Then mark your answers a (= should), b (= simple present) or c (= 'subjunctive')
1 It's urgent that we should send the information now. (we/ send) 2 It's essential that … home now. (she/return) 3 It's vital that … (he/be inform) 4 I'm eager that … present at the meeting, (she/be)
11.13D 'There' + modal auxiliaries [> LEG 11 76]
Just as there will combine with be (there is, there was, there has been, etc. [> 10.3]), it will combine with modals: There could be no doubt about it. There must be a mistake. There can't have been any doubt about it. There might have been a mistake. There never used to be anyone living next door. There might have been someone outside.
Write: Supply appropriate modal combinations. More than one answer is possible in each case.
1 There (be) a problem about this There could be a problem about this. 2 There (be) a witness present… 3 There (never be) a better opportunity… 4 (there be) a reason for this delay?... 5 (there be) another election soon? 6 Why (there be) so much red tape? 7 Why (not there be) more university places?
11.13E Context. Write: Supply suitable forms of the verbs and insert could be, may be, will be, would seem.
MEDICAL DETECTIVE? 'For the time being,' Dr Grey said, 'it's important that (you take) 1 you (should) take it easy. Immediately after a heart attack, I suggest (you get)2 … plenty of rest. After a month, I recommend (you begin)3… taking a little exercise.' Mr Fry blinked through his glasses. 'I 4… dead!' he protested. 'If you don't do as I tell you, you will be,' Dr Grey said. 'It's vital that (you follow)5… my advice.' 'But I've always been so active, Doctor.' 'And you 6… active again, but not yet. Come and see me in a fortnight. 'Of course, Mr Fry didn't follow his doctor's advice. 'There 7… people who can sit around,' he said to his wife, 'but I can't!' He spent the morning before his next appointment painting the kitchen ceiling. In the afternoon, he visited Dr Grey. 'It 8… you have been painting the ceiling!' Dr Grey said sternly. 'How can you possiby know Doctor?' 'You’ve got paint on your glasses!' the doctor said.
Vocabulary: поки що - for the present, for the time being, (in the) meanwhile, in the meantime; to take it easy - не поспішати, не дуже старатися; не брати близько до серця; весело, веселіше дивіться! - take it easy!, cheer up!;
інфаркт - infarct, infarction, coronary thrombosis;
heart attack; follow his doctor's advice – слідувати порадам лікаря;
blinked through his glasses – заморгав через окуляри;
vital ['vaɪtl] 1) життєвий; життєво важливий; vital functions — життєві функції; vital power — життєва енергія 2) істотний; суттєвий; a question of vital importance — питання першорядної ваги;
fortnight ['fɔːtnaɪt] два тижні; this day fortnight - через два тижні; this fortnight - останні два тижні;