- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
15 Direct and indirect speech
15.1 Direct speech
15.2 'Say','tell'and'ask'
15.3 Indirect statements with tense changes
15.4 Indirect questions with tense changes
15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
15.6 When we use indirect speech
16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
16.1 The bare infinitive and the fo-infinitive
16.2 The bare infinitive or the '-ing' form; the fo-infinitive
16.3 Verb (+ noun/pronoun) + to-infinitive
16.4 Adjectives and nouns + to-infinitive
16.5 The'-ing'form
16.6 Verb + the'-ing'form
16.7 Adjectives, nouns and prepositions + '-ing'
16.8 The to-infinitive or the'-ing'form?
17 Key
0 Introduction General Grammar terms
0.1 Classification of parts of speech = Загальна класифікація частин мови
- What classes according to their meaning, morphological characteristics and syntactical functions do words fall under? There are two basic classes: notional and structural parts of speech (function words).
- Define the notional parts of speech. They perform functions of subject, predicate, attribute, object, complement or adverbial modifier in the sentence.
- What does a Noun name? People, things, places, notions or events: Volodimir was a great king. Kiyiv is on the Dnipro. The rose smells sweet. The sun shines bright. His courage won him honour. What did you enjoy more: the school party or the disco?
- What does the notion of things include? a) all material objects that we can see, hear, taste, touch, or smell; b) some abstract things that we can think of, but cannot perceive by the senses.
- How is an Adjective used? It’s a word used to add something tо the meaning of a noun: He is a brave boy. An emerald is a green jewel. An ambulance takes sick people to the hospital.
- How is a Pronoun used? It's a word used instead of a noun: Mary is absent, because she is ill. The books are where you left them.
- What does a Numeral indicate? a) The number of: three, a hundred, a thousand, a million b) the order of persons and things: the first, the second, the third, the forth…+th - the billionth
- What does a Verb say? It says what some person does, or about the place, or things: The girl wrote a letter to her cousin. The garden gate is open. Iron and copper are useful metals.
Verb Глагол - это часть речи, которая обозначает действие или состояние. 1) Глаголы делятся на вспомогательные (Auxiliary verbs) и основные или смысловые (Main verbs ). 2) Основные глаголы (Main verbs) делятся на глаголы, обозначающие действия и глаголы, обозначающие состояния (State verbs ). 3) Глаголы бывают правильные и неправильные (см. Irregular verbs ). 4) Глаголы могут употребляться в действительном и страдательном залоге (см. Passive ). 5) Глаголы могут иметь утвердительную или отрицательную форму (см. Verb: negative form ). 6) Глагольные формы делятся на финитные и нефинитные (Finite and non-finite verbs ). Нефинитные глагольные формы делятся на инфинитивы (Infinitive ), причастия (Participle) и герундий (Gerund ). Термин Ing-form является общим термином для герундия (глагольного имени) и причастий, образованных с помощью окончания "-ing". 7) Финитные глагольные формы выражают наклонение: изъявительное, сослагательное (см. Subjunctive) и повелительное (см. Imperative ). 8) Финитные глагольные формы могут выражать значения будущего времени (Future time ), настоящего времени (Present time ), прошедшего времени (Past time ). 9) Глаголы делятся на переходные и непереходные (Transitive and intransitive verbs) 10) О том, как могут выражаться дополнения и подлежащее при глаголе см. Verb patterns 11) Среди глаголов выделяется класс фразовых глаголов (Phrasal verbs )
- What does an Adverb add? It adds something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb: He worked the sum quickly. This flower is very beautiful. She pronounced the word quite correctly.
- What do the words of category of state denote? The temporary state or condition of persons or things: The baby was asleep. They are afraid, ablaze, afire, aflame, afoot, awake.
- What are the Modal verbs used for? To show the speaker’s attitude toward the action or state indicated by the infinitive if it is (im)possible, (im)probable, obligatory, necessary, advisable, doubtful or (un)certain: I can’t explain it. May I…? Should we…?
- What does an Interjection express? It shows some sudden feeling: Hurrah! We have won the game! Alas! She is dead. Wow! Oops!
- What do the structural parts of speech (function words) express? Relations between words or sentences or emphasize the meaning of words or sentences. They can’t be used independenty.
- How is a Preposition used? It’s used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else: There is a rabbit in the garden. The girl is fond of tennis. A fair little girl sat under a tree.
- What is a Conjunction used for? To join words or sentences: Peter and Ann are cousins. Two and two make four. I ran fast, but missed the train.
- Define a Particle. It’s a part of speech giving modal or emotional emphasis to other words or groups of words or clauses: I only wanted to look. I just did that. Not a thing.
- Define the Article. It’s a structural part of speech used with nouns: An ant is an insect. The frog is sitting on a lily pad.
- Can we exactly say to which part of speech a word belongs? We should see how it used in a sentence. They arrived soon after.(Adverb.) They arrived after us. (Preposition.) They arrived after we had left. (Conjunction.)
Write: Name part of speech of each word: Still waters run deep. He still lives in that house. After the storm comes the calm. The after (side) effects of this drug are bad. The up train is late. It weighs about a pound. He told us all about the battle. He was only a yard off me. Suddenly one of the wheels came off. Christians fast for spiritual perfection. He kept the fast for a week. He is on the committee. Let us move on. Sit down and rest a while. I will watch while you sleep. They while away their evenings with books and games.
0.2 THE SENTENCE = РЕЧЕННЯ.
- What language units do we use when speaking or writing? We use letters, letter combinations, sounds (vowels, consonants, monophthongs, diphthongs, tripthongs etc.) syllables (open, closed, stressed, unstressed) words, phrases and sentences:
- Define a Sentence. It's a group of words making complete sense.
- Define four kinds of sentences.
1. Declarative or assertive sentence (розповідні) make statements or assertions: A clock shows the time. A cow gives milk. Puppy sleeps on the chair.
2. Interrogative sentences ask questions (патальні): How old are you? They were afraid, weren’t they? Doesn’t she know?
3. Imperative sentences (спонукальні) express commands, requests or entreaties: Be quiet. Have mercy upon us. Let him go. Don’t nag! Don’t let him drink! Don’t you dare!
4. Exclamatory (окличні) sentences express strong feelings: How very cold the night is! What a shame! Right you are!
За будовою речення поділяються на п р о с т і (поширені й непоширені) й складні (складносурядні i складнопідрядні) = According to their structure sentences are divided into simple (extended or unextended) and composite (compound and complex).
0.3. SUBJECT, PREDICATE, OBJECT, COMPLEMENT, ATTRIBUTE, ADVERBIAL MODIFIER. - What two parts do we name in every sentence? We always try to name at least the Subject and Predicate (Verb).
- Define the Subject. It's a person, thing or place: He is a doctor. Apples grow on apple-trees. London is the capital of Great Britain.
- Where is the subject in imperative sentences? It's left out: Sit down. Thank him (the Subject You is understood).
- Define the Predicate. It says something about the Subject: The queen wears a crown. An astronaut travels in a spaceship.
- Define the Object. It’s a person, thing or place which we add to a predicate (verb): I have a house. The man gave me a book.
- Define a Complement. It is a word or group of words which stand after a link-verb and add some meaning to a Subject.: He is clever. They look very tired. She seems absent-minded and lost.
-Define the Attribute. It adds some meaning to a Subject. Healthy ways of life promote good health. A black hen lays a white egg.
- Define an Adverbial Modifier. It is when, where and how the event takes place: They arrived yesterday. She leaned back. He kissed Mom gently.
- Define the sentence word order.
1 The Subject as a rule comes first, but occasionally it is put after the Predicate (Verb): A strange place it looks. Such is life. Down he fell and now up he flies! Not: A lunch burned a cook. (A cook burned a lunch.).
2 The object and complement are placed affer the verb: He loves hiking. He is a boss. Money is funny in a rich man’s world.
3 An Attribute usually comes before the noun: She is a nice girl. It is a silent night. We heard an embarrassing remark.
4 Adverbial Modifier of Manner (how?) usually comes after the verb: The baby smiled sweetly. Adverbial Modifier of Place (where?) - at the end of the sentence: She came here alone. Adverbial Modifier of Time (when?) - either at the end or at the beginning of a sentence: They leave tomorrow.