- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
10.2A Progressive forms of 'be' for 'temporary behaviour' [> LEG 10.10-11, App41]
1 We use the progressive forms (he is being/he was being) with adjectives that describe 'passing behaviour' like naughty and silly [> 10.1 A], not states, like hungry and thirsty.
2 We often imply that this behaviour is deliberate: He is being naughty. We can use the progressive of be with a few nouns as well: He's being a (silly) fool.
Write: Tick the temporary behaviour in these sentences.
1 They're both being very greedy. \/ 2 They aren't normally greedy. 3 You're being a nuisance['njuːs(ə)ns]. 4 You aren't generally a nuisance. 5 He was being very childish at the party. 6 He isn't often childish at parties.
10.2B 'Has been', 'have been', 'had been' + adjectives and nouns [> LEG 10.12-13]
1 The rules for the present and past perfect apply to have been and had been [> 9.5-6].
2 The actions or states begin in the past and continue into the present (have been) or they refer to an earlier past (had been). We use was/were when we have a time reference:
- behaviour/states/moods: She's been very quiet. I said she had been very quiet.
- the weather: It's been very cold lately. I said it had been very cold lately.
- professions, behaviour: Have you ever been a teacher? She has been a real angel. Compare: The baby was very quiet while you were out. (the past + exact time reference)
Write: Supply has, have or had.
1 Your brother has been very annoying. 2 How long …you been a bus conductor? 3 I … been terribly tired lately*. 4 She said she … never been seasick before. 5 It …been a beautiful day, hasn't it? 6 She …been so good. She …been an angel 7 You said you … been a teacher. 8. I …been a real fool. *['leɪtlɪ] недавно; за последнее время, в последнее время, на днях
10.2C 'Have been' and 'have gone’ [> LEG 10134]
1 Have been and has been have the sense of 'visit a place and come back': Where have you been?- I've been home. (= and now I'm back)
2 Have gone and has gone have the sense of 'be at a place or on the way to a place': Where's John?- He's gone home. (= he's either there now or on his way there)
3 Have been and have gone combine with to + noun [> 8.2A]: I've been to a party. (= and I'm back) John's gone to a party. (= he's there/on his way) Have been combines with at and in [> 8.2A]: I've been at a meeting. I've been in Paris.
4 Have been and have gone combine with adverbs like out and away: I've been out/away. (= and I'm back) John's gone out/away. (= he's not here) and with home. (Not *gone/been to home*and not *to the* to mean 'my own home'). Compare: He's been/He's gone home, (his own place) He's been to the home of a friend.
Write: Supply have/has been or have/has gone.
1 Isn't Jack here? - No, he’s gone home. 2 Where have you been? – I … home. 3 The Smiths … to Paris for the weekend and have just returned. 4 The Smiths …to Paris for the weekend and are coming back on Monday. 5 It's nice to see you. I hear you … away. 6 He doesn't live here. He .. away. 7 The boss won't be in the office till tomorrow. He … to a meeting. 8 The boss wasn't here earlier, but he's back now. He …at a meeting
10.2D 'Have been' with 'since' and 'for' [> LEG 10135]
We often use How long ...? with have been in questions and we use since/for in answers:
1 How long have you been a nurse ?- I've been a nurse for nearly a year. I've been a nurse since January. [> 7.3A, 9.5A]
2 Have been can have the following meanings [> 9.5B]:
- have lived/have been living: I've been in this flat for five years.
- have worked/have been working: Jane's been in the civil service since she was 23.
- have waited/have been waiting: We've been outside the bank since 9.15.
Write: What do have been and has been mean in these sentences?
1 She's been in the waiting-room for over an hour She has been waiting... 2 I have been with this company for most of my life 3 We have been in this district since 1982 4 How long have we been under this clock? 5 How long has Silvia been with this publishing company? 6 How long has your brother been in Australia?
10.2E Write: Put in have been, have gone, has been, is being or were. IT'S BEEN A WONDERFUL EVENING!
This is what Angela wrote in her diary last night: Mr and Mrs Lucas 1have gone to the theatre. They 2 … away for two hours now and I 3… with Jenny. This is the first time I 4 (ever) … a baby-sitter and I'm not finding it easy. Jenny is seven years old. She is very nice, but she5 … a real nuisance. She won't stay in bed and she won't sit still. I really don't know what to do.' This is what happened next:
Mr and Mrs Lucas 6 … home at 11.30. The house was very quiet and all the lights 7 … on. Jenny was sitting on the floor, playing with her toys. Her mother rushed up to her. 'Hullo, Jenny.' She said. 'Are you all right? I hope you 8 (not) … naughty’. ‘Where's Angela?' 'She's sitting at the kitchen table,' Jenny answered. 'She9 …asleep for the last two hours. She 10 …a very good girl. I've had a lovely time. It 11… a wonderful evening!'
10.3 ‘There' + 'be' 10.3A There' + 'be' as a 'natural choice' [> LEG 10.19]
1 We use there is, etc. (Not "it has*or "it is") when we are talking about or asking about the existence of people, things, etc. It is more 'natural' to say: There's a man at the door, than to say: A man is at the door.
2 We use there is, there was, there will be, there has been/had been when we want to:
- announce or report events: There'll be a meeting tomorrow. There's been an accident.
- set a scene for story-telling: There had been no rain for months. The earth was bare.
Write: a Tick the sentences which sound more idiomatic or 'natural'. b Rephrase the unticked sentences using There.
1 There are two men at the door. V 2 A good clothes shop is not far from here. There is a good clothes shop not far from here. 3 There was an interesting article about that in yesterday's paper… 4 A photograph of that girl was in last week's magazine… 5 A new security system will be in operation from next week… 6 There'll be a lot of supporters at the match. 7 A public holiday is on May 1st… 8 A meeting between the two world leaders will be in Helsinki.
10.3B 'There is', etc. compared with 'it is', etc. [> LEG 10.20]
First we show existence with There is, then we use personal pronouns (he, she, it or they) to give more details: There was a concert in our village last night, ('existence') It (= The concert) was in the village hall, ('more details') Note how this happens in the following sentences: There's a bus coming, but it's full.There's a man at the door. It's the postman, [compare > 3.4A, 4.1 A] There's a man at the door. He wants to speak to you. There are some children at the door. They want to see Jimmy. There's a van stopping outside. It's someone delivering something.
Write: Supply there and a personal pronoun (it, he, she or they) in the blanks.
1 There were a lot of people at the concert, and they all enjoyed it. 2… 's a policewoman waiting to see you. …. 's in your office. 3 … 's a parcel here for you. I think …'s that book you've been waiting for. 4 …'II be a new boy in your class today. … 's just arrived from Hong Kong. 5 … has been a lot of argument about the plan. … has all centred on traffic problems. 6 … have been serious riots in this country. …have all been about the price of food. 7 ... 's a review in today's paper of the film we saw last night. ….'s very favourable. 8 … 's a dog in our garden …'s our next door neighbour's. 9 Is … a route ([ru:t] маршрут; шлях, курс, траса;; засіб, шлях) to the town centre from here and is … more direct? 10 Are … any applicants for the job and are … suitable?
10.3C Combinations with 'there' + 'be' [> LEG 10.17,10.21 -2,11.76]
1 There is, there are, there was and there were are the most common combinations:There's a phone call for you. There was a phone call for you this morning.
2 We also use there with different tenses, for example [compare > 11.13D]:
- perfect tenses: There has (there's) been an accident. He said there had (there 'd) been an accident. There haven't been many earthquakes in England.
- future tenses: There will (there'll) be a letter for me tomorrow. There'll have been an answer by Friday.
3 There also combines with seem to be and appear to be: There seems to be a mistake in our bill. There appears to be no one in.
Write: Complete these sentences with the correct forms of there + be or seem.
1 There was an exhibition of Venetian glass last month. 2 … days when I don't feel like going to work. 3 … any letters for me today? – No, … none. Oh, yes, sorry … some here. 4 … anything I can do to help? – Yes, … something. You can file those reports. 5 We'll have to rearrange the room … a lot more people here than we thought. 6 I've just driven down South Street …a terrible accident on the corner. 7 … more jobs for everybody if more money is invested by large companies. 8 Where can I put these cherries? - …my shopping bag. You can put them in there. 9 What did he say? - He said …no news from Fred for months. 10 There's a big match on TV tonight … ? 11 … to be fewer teaspoons in the drawer than there should be. 12 … to be less money in my pay packet than I had expected.
10.3D Write: Put in the correct combinations with there and it. WHERE TIME STOOD STILL
Miss Margaret White shut down her chemist's shop in the West of England in 1970, never to open it again. 1 There had been a chemist's shop in her family since the 19th century when 2 (first) … opened by her grandfather William. After Miss White's death, the auctioneers moved in. They couldn't believe their eyes.3 … an old-fashioned cash-register and4 … still old pennies in it. At the back of the shop5 … old medicine bottles covered with dust, and 127 little drawers.6 … full of herbal remedies.7 … unusual products like 'Allcocks Powder- Guaranteed Not to Contain Opium or Any Poison Whatsoever'.8… a copy of a newspaper for April 16, 1912. .9 …the issue that described the sinking of the Titanic. '10 (never) … anything like this before and 11 (never) … again.' one of the auctioneers said.