- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
A small number of irregular verbs have the same form in the present as in the past: e.g. burst/burst, cost/cost, cut/cut, hit/hit, put/put.
We have to remember, especially with such verbs, that the third person singular does not change in the past: He put on a clean shirt yesterday, (past) He puts on a clean shirt every day. (present)
After I, you, we, and they the context or the adverbial tells us the tense:
I put on a clean shirt yesterday, (past) I put on a clean shirt every day. (present)
Write: Do these sentences refer to the present or the past? Write 'present' or 'past'. In a few cases both references are possible:
1 That shirt cost me £7.00...Past. 2 He often cuts himself... 3 She hurt her arm... 4 He let me drive his car... 5 She reads a lot... 6 I set the table every morning... 7 I set the table an hour ago... 8 She often hit him... 9 He shut the door with a bang... 10 I hurt my arm yesterday... 11 I often let him drive my car... 12 She always beat him at tennis. ..13 The BBC broadcasts every day... 14 The BBC broadcast the talk yesterday…
9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: [> LEG 9.20] I was working. --!->
There are five basic uses of the past progressive tense. We use it for:
1 Temporary actions in progress in the past: I was living abroad in 1987. We often use all to emphasize continuity (all day, all summer): It was raining all night.
2 Actions which were in progress when something else happened: Just as/When I was leaving, the phone rang.
These are often introduced by conjunctions like when, as, just as and while, but the shorter action can be introduced by when: We were having supper when the phone rang.
3 Actions in progress at the same time: While I was reading, Joan was playing the piano.
4 Repeated actions with e.g. always/sometimes, often, etc: When I worked here, I was always making mistakes.
5 Polite inquiries: I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
Write: Use the past progressive in the sentences below.
1 I was not listening, so I missed what he said, (not listen) 2 We stayed because we ... ourselves, (enjoy) 3 ... tennis yesterday? (they play) 4 He ... all weekend, (garden) 5 ... television all evening? (you watch) 6 It... hard all day. (rain) 7 I... whether you could lend me some money. (wonder) 8 ... when I left? (you still work) 9 I lived in France at the time you… in Spain (live). 10 When she was younger, she… things for other people (always do). 11 Bill and Sue ... their house, before they moved, (constantly improve) 12 ... when I rang you? (you read) 13 Just as I... to an interesting part of the story, the doorbell rang, (get)
9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-telling [> LEG 9.21]
1 We often use past tenses (simple past, past progressive and past perfect [> 9.6]) for story-telling,
2 We use the past progressive to set the scene at the beginning of the story.
Write: a Underline the simple past and the past progressive verbs in this story.
b Number the past progressive verbs 1, 2, 3 to show their uses [> 9.4B]. THE SECRET AGENT
It was just before the Second World War. Tom was only 20 at the time and was living with his mother. He was working in a bank and travelling to London every day. One morning, he received a mysterious letter. It was addressed to 'Mr Thomas Parker'. The letter, which was signed, 'A Friend', asked Tom to go to The Crown Inn during his lunch hour. All morning, as he was dealing with customers, Tom was wondering whether he should do this. At lunch time he decided to go to the inn. It was full of people and Tom couldn't recognize anyone. He was just wondering if he should leave, when a stranger introduced himself and said he had known Tom's father, who had died when Tom was a baby. The stranger explained that Tom's father, Bill, was a secret agent in the First World War. Through this meeting, Tom was recruited to be a secret agent, too, and was already working in France when the war began.
9.4D Write: Put in the simple past or past progressive. Note where both forms are possible. TUG-OF-WAR WITH A HEDGE-HOG
Mrs May, our District Nurse, (drive)1 was driving home at 3 a.m. one night after an urgent visit to a sick patient. She (drive)2... along a deserted country lane, when she (see) 3... a new kind of animal. She (stop)4... her car and (get out] 5... The animal (be) 6... clearly visible in the blaze of her headlights. It (look) 7... like a hedgehog with a tall white hat. It (cross) 8... the road without paying any attention to Mrs May. When Mrs May (go) 9... close to it, she (notice)10... that there was a plastic yoghurt pot on the hedgehog's head. The poor creature had got its head stuck in the plastic pot! Her instincts as a nurse (tell) 11... her she would have to rescue it, so she (pull)12... at the pot, but the hedgehog (pull)13... too. After a struggle, she (pull)14... the pot off the hedgehog's head. Mrs May (think)15... the hedgehog (look)16... rather sad, when she (notice)17... that the pot was half full of strawberry yoghurt. She (give) 18... it back to the hedgehog. The creature (seize)19... it, (put)20... it on its head again, and triumphantly (continue) its journey across the road.
9.5 The simple present perfect and present perfect progressive S + have, has + V-ed Що зробилося? >-->! >-->!->
9.5A Uses of the simple present perfect tense: 'I have eaten, she has lived since, for…' [> LEG 9.22-27]
There are two basic uses of the simple present perfect tense. We use it to describe:
1 Actions beginning in the past and continuing up to the present moment:
- with time references like: before (now), ever, never... before, up till now, so far. I have received 20 cards so far. I have never tasted papaya (before).
- with since/for. I've lived here since 1980. I've lived here for 20 years. [> 7.3A]
2 Actions which happened at an unspecified time in the past:
- with no time reference at all: Have you passed your driving test? (Depending on context, this could mean 'very recently' or 'at any time up to now'.)
- with references to recent time, like just, recently, already, still, yet. I've just eaten.
- repeated/habitual actions: I've watched him on TV several times. I've often met her.
Write: Supply the simple present perfect tense of the verbs in brackets:
1 Up to now l ‘ve visited twenty countries.2 He ... six letters so far. (type) 3 ... couscous? (you ever eat) 4 They ... like this before, (never quarrel) 5 I ... to Marco since 1999. (not write) 6 We ... there since we were young, (not be) 7 I saw her in May, but... her since, (not see) 8 She ... the same car for fifteen years, (drive) 9 I... them for many years, (know) 10 She ... in that shop for ages! (not be) 11 They ... a new car. (buy)
12 He ... all over the world, (travel) 13... your promise? (you forget) 14 I... an elephant, (ride) 15 She ... in from Rome, (just fly) 16 She ... a director, (recently become) 17 They ... to me. (already speak) 18 I... my tea yet. (not drink) 19 She still... my letter, (not answer) 20 I... her several times.(meet)
9.5B The present perfect progressive tense: S + have, has been + V-ing 'I have been eating since, for…' [> LEG 9.32-34] >-->!->
1 We use the present perfect progressive in place of the simple present perfect when we want to emphasize that something has been in progress throughout a period: Instead of saying: I've typed all day, we can say, for emphasis, I've been typing all day. Depending on context this may mean I'm still typing or I've just recently stopped.
2 Some verbs like learn, lie, live, rain, sit, sleep, stand, study, wait, work, naturally suggest continuity [> 7.3B] and we often use them with since and for[> 7.3A]. We can use them in the simple present perfect tense: I've waited here for two hours. I've worked here since 1987. But we most often use them in the progressive: I've been waiting here for two hours. I've been working here since 1987.
Write: Supply the present perfect progressive tense to the verbs in brackets: 1 I'm tired. I have been digging all day. (dig) 2 How long ... here? (you wait) 3 I... here since 6 o'clock, (stand) 4 How long ... Chinese? (you learn) 5 She ... English for five years, (study) 6 You're out of breath. ...? (you run) 7 We ... here for twelve years. (live) 8 Your eyes are red... . …(You cry)? 9 How long ...? (the children sleep) 10 What... all afternoon? (you do)
9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared [> LEG 9.34]
The simple present perfect and the progressive forms mean different things here: I've been painting this room. It will look good when it's finished, (the job is unfinished) > I've painted this room. Doesn't it look good? (the job is definitely finished)
Write: Supply the simple present perfect or the present perfect progressive: 1a I’ve typed all your letters. The job's done, (type) 1b I... this report since yesterday and I'm only half way through, (type) 2a Your mother is still in the kitchen. She ... all morning, (cook) 2b I... a lovely meal which I'll be serving in a couple of minutes, (cook) 3a We ... this garage ourselves and have just begun to use it. (build) 3b We ... this garage ourselves and hope to finish it within the next two months, (build)
9.5D The simple past and the simple present perfect compared [> LEG 9.23,9.26.1]
With the simple past we have to say or imply something happenened [> 7.3A, 9.3C]: I finished the job yesterday, an hour ago, etc. (Not 'I have finished the job yesterday.) With the present perfect, we do not say 'exactly when': I have finished the job. Even if we say I have just finished the job, we are still not saying 'exactly when' [> 9.5A].
Write: Supply the simple past or the simple present perfect in these pairs of sentences.
1a She never read a book until she was 25. (never read) 1b She is 80 and ... a book in her life, (never read) 2a I... lunch an hour ago. (have) 2b I... lunch, (just have) 3a ... to the bank yet? (he go) 3b ... to the bank at lunch time? (he go)
9.5E Write: Put in the simple present perfect, the present perfect progressive or the simple past. THE AUSTRALIAN SALUTE
Before I (visit) 1visited Australia, an Australian friend in London2... (tell) me I'd learn 'the Australian salute'. 'What's that? I (ask)3 ... 'You'll find out when you get there, he (say)4... . I (arrive) 5... in Perth last week. Since then, I (stay)6... at a nice hotel near a beautiful beach. I (never visit)7... Australia before and I am enjoying my stay. I (swim)8... every day from the time I (arrive) 9... Yesterday, an Australian friend (suggest) 10... a tour into 'the bush’. I (agree)11... at once. The first thing I (notice) 12... when we (be)13...,... in the bush (be)14... the flies. After a while I (remember)15... the conversation I had had in before I (come)16... here. 'What's the "Australian salute"?' I (ask)17… suddenly as I waved my right arm to keep the flies away. ‘That’s it’ my friend said as he (wave)18 ... back!