- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
S + am, is, are (mv+be) + V-ing Що робить(ся) зараз? --!-> He is (must be) working now.
9.2A Spelling: how to add '-ing' to a verb: 'wait/waiting' [> LEG 9.10]
1 We add –ing to most verbs, without changing the base form: wait/waiting: Wait for me. > I am waiting for you.
2 If a verb ends in -e, omit/drop the -e and add -ing: use/using: Use a broom. > I am using a broom.
3 A single vowel followed by a single consonant doubles the final consonant: sit/sitting: Sit down. >I am sitting down. [> compare 6.5A]
4 We double the last consonant of two-syllable verbs when the second syllable is stressed: be'gin/be'ginning. Compare the unstressed final syllable: ‘differ > ‘differing but: Begin work. > I am beginning work.
5 -ic changes to -ick: picnic/picnicking; -ie changes to -y. lie/lying: Lie down. > I am lying
6 Auxiliary Verbs = Допоміжні дієслова: am-am not (aren’t), is-isn’t, are-aren’t, must-musn’t, can-cannot-can’t, may-mayn’t, ought-oughtn’t, need-needn’t
7 Adverbials = Обставини: at 5 o’clock, now, at present (moment), at the moment, often, in 2001, on Monday, never, usually, always, regularly, sometimes, seldom, occasionally, every day
Write: Add -ing to the verbs in sentences. 1 I'm making the beds, (make) 2 I'm ... a sandwich, (eat) 3 I'm ... a letter, (write) 4 I'm always ... things, (forget) 5 I'm ... on my coat, (put) 6 I'm ... abroad, (travel) 7 I'm ... the 9.04 train (catch) 8 I'm ... of thirst, (die) 9 I'm ... your case, (carry)
9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: I’m working/he’s working' [LEG 9.11] --!->
There are four basic uses of the present progressive tense:
1 Actions in progress at the moment of speaking: He's working at the moment.
2 Temporary situations/actions, not necessarily in progress at the moment of speaking: My daughter is studying English at Durham University.
3 Planned actions (+ future adverbial reference): We're spending next winter in Australia. [> 9.9A]
4 Repeated actions with adverbs like always, forever... (never, usually, regularly, sometimes, seldom, occasionally, every day) She's always helping people.
Write: a Use the present progressive in the sentences below:
b Number the sentences 1, 2, 3 or 4 to show uses of the present progressive.
1 Don't rush me. I’m working as fast as I can. (I/work) 2 What...? It looks awful, (you/drink) 3 ... to see the boss. (She/still/wait) 4 ... to catch his train. (He/hurry) 5 ..., aren't you? Calm down! (You /constantly/panic) 6 ... more and more politically aware these days. (Young people/become) 7 What... nowadays? (John/do) - ... for the British cycle team. (He/ride) 8 ... our holiday here very much. (We/enjoy) 9 ... people by asking personal questions. (He/always/ upset) 10 What time ... tomorrow? (he/arrive) 11… to lock the front door (She/forever/forget) 12 ... treatment on my bad back for a few weeks. (I/have) 13 You can't believe a word he says... (He/always/lie 14 ... the 1,500 metres in the next Olympics. (She/run)
9.2C The simple present and the present progressive tenses in typical contexts [> LEG 9.12]
Write: a Use the correct present tense form. b Say what, for each extract, could be written and/or spoken.
1 Let me explain what you have to do. First you (take) take the photos and (sort) sort them into categories. Then you (file) file them according to subject. 2 We (hope)... you (enjoy) ... this marvellous weather as much as we are. We (sunbathe)... ... and (go)... swimming every day. Next week we (go) ... snorkelling. 3 The play is set in London in 1890. The action (take)... place in Sir Don Wyatt's mansion. When the curtain (go)... up, the hero and heroine (sit) ... in the lounge. They (argue) 4 The house is in a mess because we've got the workmen in. The plumber (put) ... in a new bath, the electricians (rewire)... the system, and the carpenter (build)... ... us some new bookshelves! 5 Dear Jane, Sorry to hear about your problem at work I (think)... you (do)... ... the right thing, but I...(doubt) whether your boss really ...(know) his job from what you (tell)... ... me! 6 Pym (pass)... to Smith, (run)... straight at the central defence and (shoot)... and Gomez (push)... it over the bar for a corner.
9.2D Write: Put in the simple present or present progressive. Note where both forms are possible. A HOLIDAY JOB WITH A DIFFERENCE! I (study) 1I’m studing English at Exeter University. I'm on holiday at the moment and I (work)2... in a public library. I'm lucky to have this job. I (not have to)3... get up early. The library (open)4... at 10 and (close)5... at 7. It's interesting work because people (always come in)6... and (ask)7... me to help them, so I (learn)8... a lot about different subjects. I (enjoy)9... the job and (find)10... it very amusing, too. People (use)11...the strangest things as bookmarks. I have found a rasher of bacon (uncooked!). Matchsticks (be)12... common and so (be) 13... bus tickets. My colleagues (always find) 14... things too - even a £10 note, but I haven't been so lucky! I often (think)15...,... of the photo of a beautiful woman which I found. On the back were the words: ‘I (love)16... you. I (miss)17... you and I'll never forget you’.
9.3
The simple past tense S
+ to
V-ed (II форма V)
Що робив?
-->O
He worked, she put/he was tired.
9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs [> LEG 9.14, App 39]
1 Regular verbs always end with -ed in the simple past, but we do not always pronounce the –ed ending in the same way.
We usually add –ed to the base form of the verb: I play - I played, I open - I opened.
We do not pronounce –ed as an extra syllable.
We pronounce it as /d/ after vowels and sonorants: I played /pleid/ Not * /plei-id/ *; I opened /oupnd/ Not /oupanid/ *; I arrived /araivd/ Not */araivid/*; I married /maerid/ Not */maeri-id/* [compare >2.5A].
2 Verbs which end in voiceless consonants, the following sounds, are pronounced /t/ in the past: /k/ packed; /s/ passed; /ch/ watched; /sh/ washed; /f/ laughed; /p/ tipped.
3 A few verbs are pronounced and spelt /d/ or /t/: burned/burnt, dreamed/dreamt.
4 Verbs ending in the sounds /t/ or /d/ have their past ending pronounced /id/: added, decided, counted, excited, needed, posted, shouted, started, tasted, wanted.
5 Auxiliary verbs (auxiliaries) = допоміжні дієслова: did-didn’t, was-wasn’t, were-weren’t, had-hadn’t, could-couldn’t, might-mightn’t…
6 Adverbials = обставини часу: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last year, an hour ago, before now, so far, till now, yet, the other day, always, often, ever, never, as recently as, when I…, till he…, at 4 o’clock, in July, this morning,
Write: a Give the past forms of these regular verbs. b Show whether you would pronounce these past forms as /d/, /t/ or /id/:
1 We waited an hour yesterday, (wait) /t,d/ 2 Joan… her room on Friday, (clean) / / 3 I… squash last night, (play) / / 4 She… my letter yesterday, (post) / / 5 I …at her. (smile) / / 6 She… when she saw me. (stop) / / 7 I… of you last night, (dream) / / 8 Who … the cakes? (burn) / / 9 He… a lot as a baby, (cry) / / 10 I… TV all evening, (watch) / / 11 We…when we saw them, (laugh) / / 12 He… the sergeant's orders, (obey) / / 13 We… into the house, (hurry) / / 14 You… to me! (lie)/ / 15 I …early yesterday, (finish) / / 16 The waiter… this in the bill, (include) / / 17 I… the door before I left, (lock) / / 18 We… first class, (travel) / /
9.3B Irregular past forms [> LEG 9.15-16, App 40]
1 Some irregular verbs have the same form in all parts: hit-hit-hit, cut-cut-cut.
2 Some change one part only: keep-kept-kept, make-made-made, sell-sold-sold.
3 Some change two parts: break-broke-broken, know-knew-known, ride-rode-ridden.
Write: Supply the past forms of the irregular verbs in bold italics.
1 I often see Giulio. I saw him again only yesterday. 2 As teenagers, we always … each other very well. We still understand each other now. 3 I hardly… Ray's wife. Did you know her at all? 4 We always meet on Sunday. We… last Sunday as usual. 5 I often find things on the beach. I … this very old bottle yesterday. 6 Someone's always leaving that window open. Who … it open this time? 7 I…a lot of letters when I was young. I hardly ever write letters now. 8 They sell all kinds of rubbish now, but they once… good handmade furniture. 9 She is very good at figures, you know. She… first in maths at school. 10 I have the same car now that I… five years ago. 11 I don't keep pets now, but I… a dog when I was a boy. 12 Where did you eat last night? We …at a restaurant.
9.3C Uses of the simple past tense: ‘I worked/he worked' [> LEG 9.17-18]
We use the simple past to talk about events, actions or situations which happened in the past and are now finished.
We always have to say (or imply) when the action happened, so we use time references like yesterday, ago, last summer [> 7.2A].
We use the past:
1 to describe actions which happened in the recent or distant past: Sam phoned a moment ago. (Not "Sam has phoned") [> 9.5A] The Goths invaded Rome in A.D. 410 (Not "The Goths had invaded") [> 9.6]
2 to describe past habit: I smoked forty cigarettes a day till I gave up. [compare > 11.11].
3 If we do not use time references (a moment ago, when I was young, etc.) we imply them: I saw Fred in town. (i.e. when I was there this morning) I never met my grandfather, (i.e. perhaps he died before I was born)
Write: Give complete answers to these questions using the time references in brackets.
1 How long ago did you work as a civil servant? (five years ago) I worked as a civil cervant five years ago. 2 When did you last play football? (when I was 14) 3 did the Carters leave for their summer holiday? (last night) 4 What time did John arrive? (at 4) 5 When did you last see 'Gone with the Wind'? (recently) 6 How long did you wait at the airport? (till they arrived) 7 When did Sally tell you about her engagement? (when she was here)
9.3D Write: Put in the correct forms of the simple past tense of the verbs in brackets. LIZARDMAN
Christopher Davis, a young driver from South Carolina, (claim) claimed a monster (attack) 2... him while he was driving along a lonely road. The monster (be) 3... seven feet tall and (have)4... red eyes and green, scaly skin. It (chase) 5... Christopher's car and (jump) 6... on the roof. Many people (believe)7... the story and the newspapers (call) 8... the monster 'Lizardman'. Seventy hunters recently (set out)9... to trap Lizardman and a local radio (offer)10... $1 million to anyone who (capture)11... him dead or alive. Lizardman had so much publicity that thousands of people (visit)12... South Carolina to find him. No one has found him yet. As everyone knows, monsters may or may not exist, but they are very good for the tourist industry.
9.4 The simple past and past progressive tenses. S + was, were +V-ing Що робилося? --!-> I was working