- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
9.1
The simple present S + toV
+
(e)s у 3rd
p.singular Що
робить(ся)
взагалі?
-->o
He
plays. (--!->
She is playing. >-->!
He has done >-->!...>
He has been doing)
9.1 A Pronunciation and spelling of the 3rd person, simple present [> LEG 96-7]
1 Pronunciation [compare plural nouns > 2.5A]:
A) We pronounce -s as /s/ after voiceless consonants: He laughs; /p/ drops; /k/ kicks; /t/ lets.
B) We pronounce -es as /iz/ after sibilants: /z/ loses; /dj/ manages; /s/ passes; /sh/ pushes; /ch/ stitches, and /ks/ mixes.
C) We pronounce -s as /z/ after sonorants: /b/ robs; /d/ adds; /g/ digs; /l/ fills; /m/ dreams; /n/ runs; /ng/ rings; after vowels: sees; after vowel + w or r: draws, stirs.
2 Spelling:
A) Add -s to most verbs: work/works, drive/drives, play/plays, run/runs.
B) Add –es to verbs ending in -o: do/does; - after sibilants: -es: misses; -x mixes; -ch/-sh catches/pushes
3 Допоміжні дієслова(?, not) = Auxiliary Verbs: do-don’t, does-doesn’t, be: am-am not, is-isn’t, are- aren’t, have-haven’t, has-hasn’t, must-musn’t, can-cannot-can’t, may-mayn’t, ought-oughtn’t, need-needn’t e.g. May I help you? No, you can’t.
4 Adverbials = Обставини точного або певного часу: often, in 2001, on Monday, never, usually, always, regularly, sometimes, seldom, occasionally, every day
Write: A) Give the third person forms of the verbs in these sentences.
B) Show whether you would pronounce the third person form as /s/, /z/ or /iz/
1 They laugh a lot. He laughs /s/ 2 I often drop things. She ... 3 We drink a lot of tea. She... 4 I often forget things. She ... 5 We often lose things. He... 6 They manage all right. She ... 7 I often pass your house. He ... 8 I rush around a lot. She… 9 I always saw the wood. She… 10 I wear old clothes at home. He… 11 I love sweets. She ... 12 I often see them. He ... 13 They pay £30 a week rent. He…14 I cry at sad films. She ...
9.1
B Uses of the simple present tense: [>
LEG 9.3,9.12] S + toV
+
(e)s (3ос.)
Що
робить(ся)
взагалі? -->o
He works/He is tired.
There are 7 basic uses of the simple present tense [compare > 11.11 A]
1 Permanent truths: Summer follows spring. Gases expand when heated.
2 ‘The present period' (= 'this is the situation at present'): My sister works in a bank.
3 Habitual actions: I get up at 7. I sometimes stay up till midnight.
4 Future reference (for timetables, etc.): The concert begins at 7.30 next Friday evening.
5 Observations and declarations: I hope so. It says here that... I love you. I hate him.
6 Instructions: First you weigh the ingredients.
7 Commentaries: Becker serves to Lendl.
Write: Give the correct form of the simple present of each verb.
1 Water boils... at 100°C. (boil) 2 Hot air... (rise) 3 My uncle ... in a factory, (work) 4 John and Sue ... glasses, (wear) 5 The children ... a lot of sweets, (eat) 6 He only ... at weekends, (work) 7 I always ... out on Saturdays, (go) 8 She ... to London once a week. (Drive) 9 She never... up very early, (get) 10 I occasionally ... meat, (eat) 11 The coach ... at 6 this evening, (leave) 12 The concert... at 7 next Friday, (start) 13 I... Barcelona won again, (see) 14 It's not right, you ... (know) - I... (agree) 15 Can he manage?- I... so. (hope) 16 It... in the paper it'll be hot. (say)
9.1 C Stative and dynamic verbs [> LEG 9.3, App 38]
1 We call a few verbs like love stative because they refer to 'states'. A state has no beginning and no end. We don't 'control' it, so we don't normally use stative verbs in progressive tenses: She loves her baby more than anything. (Not *is loving)
2 Most verbs in English are dynamic. We can use them in two ways:
- in the simple present tense to describe habits, etc. [> 9-1B]: I often make cakes.
- in the present progressive to describe deliberate actions in progress [> 9.2B]: I'm making a cake
3 We can describe three classes of verbs:
a Dynamic verbs which have simple or progressive forms (most verbs in English): I often listen to records, (simple present tense) I'm listening to a record, (present progressive tense)
b Verbs which are always stative: This coat belongs to you. (simple present tense) (Not *is belonging')
c Verbs that have stative or dynamic uses: I'm weighing myself, (a deliberate action: present progressive tense) I weigh 65 kilos, (a state) (Not *I'm weighing 65 kilos. *)
4 There are five groups of stative verbs referring to: A: feelings (like, love, etc.); b think/believe (think, understand, etc.) c wants (want, prefer, etc.) d perception (hear, see, etc. [> 11.2B]) E: being/having/owning (appear, seem, belong, etc. (>10.4]) No: V-ing
Write: Tick the sentences that are right. Cross out the verbs that are wrong and correct them.
1a You're never ill. I envy you.V 2a I understand English well. _ 3a You're knowing what I mean. _ 4a Is he seeming unfriendly? _ 5a I prefer fish to meat. _ 6a Do you see that bird over there? _ 7a Why is he smelling his coffee? _ 8a She's weighing herself again.
1b You're never ill. I'm envying you. _ 2b I'm understanding English well. _ 3b You know what I mean. _ 4b Does he seem unfriendly? _ 5b I'm preferring fish to meat. _ 6b Are you seeing John tomorrow? _ 7b Something smells strange. _ 8b She weighs 75.5 kilos. _
9.1 D Write Put in the simple present or the present progressive tenses. CHOMP CHAMP!
1you sit) Are you sitting comfortably? Good! 2(hope) ... you 3 (study) ... this text carefully because I 4(have)... news for you. The Guinness Book of Records 5(not include)... records for eating any more. People who 6(try)... to swallow 47 hard boiled eggs in half a minute will have to do it for pleasure and not to get into the record book. 'We 7(regard)... these records as unhealthy,' said the book's editor, Mr Donald McFarlan. However, one record-holder will remain. He is Michel Lotito of Grenoble ('Monsieur Mangetout'). Since 1966, he has chomped his way through 10 bicycles, 7 TV sets and a light aircraft. He's likely to remain world champ, unless you (want) ... to challenge him, of course!