- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
5.4A Basic uses of 'much', 'many' and 'a lot of [> LEG 5.13-14] The basic uses are:
1 much (+ uncountable, always singular) and many (+ plural countable) [> 5.1 A]:
- in negative statements: We haven't got much time. There aren't many pandas in China.
- in questions: Is there much milk? Have you had many inquiries? [ɪn'kwaɪ(ə)rɪ] 1) довідка2) питання; запитання; запит to make inquiries — запитувати, довідуватися inquiry office — довідкове бюро
2 a lot of or the informal lots of (+ plural countable or singular uncountable):
- in the affirmative: I've got a lot of time/lots of time. I've got a lot of/lots of books.
Write: Supply much, many or a lof of in these sentences.
1 I know old Mr Higgins has a lot of money. 2 Is there ... demand for silk stockings? 3 There isn't... space in this flat. 4 There aren't... portraits of Shakespeare 5 I must say, you have ... books. 6 Will there be ... guests at your party?
5.4B Other common uses of 'much', 'many' and 'a lot of [> LEG 5.13-14]
1 We can also use much and many in the affirmative (like a lot of/lots of):
- in formal statements: Much money is spent on defence. Many teachers retire early.
- with as ... as: Take as much as you like.
- in time references: I've lived here for many years.
2 We can use ‘Not much’ and ‘Not many’ to begin a sentence: Not many know about this. Not much is known about this.
3 We can use not a lot of for emphasis: I haven't got a lot of time for people like him.
Write: Supply much or many in these sentences.
1 … depends on the outcome of the inquiry. 2 Don't be discouraged! ... have failed to run the marathon. 3 You can have as ... of this material as you like. 4 Take as ... of these tiles as you want. 5 He has lived here for... of his life. 6 We have occupied the same house for... years. 7 Not... happens around here when the tourists leave. 8 Not... doctors are prepared to visit patients in their own homes.
5.4C 'Few', 'a few', 'little', 'a little' [> LEG 5.15]
1 We use few and a few with plural countable nouns: few friends, a few friends.
We use little and a little with uncountable nouns: little time, a little time.
2 Few and little are negative (= hardly any=мало, недостатньо): I've got few friends. I've got little time (hardly any). We sometimes use very with few and little: I've got very few friends. I've got very little time. (hardly any at all)
3 A few and a little are positive (= some, деяка кількість, мало, але достатньо): I've got a few friends. I've got a little time, (some) We sometimes use only with a few and a little: I've got only a few friends, (not many) I've got only a little time, (not much).
Write: Supply few, a few, little or a little in these sentences.
1 There are very ... scholarships for students in this university. 2 I'm sorry, but I'm going to have to ask you for... more time to pay this bill. 3 If you don't hurry we'll miss our train. There's ... time to spare. 4 It's a difficult text. I've had to look up quite ... words in the dictionary. 5 I can't spare any of these catalogues. There are only ... left. 6 I can't let you use much of this perfume. There's only ... in the bottle. 7 There are ... who know about this, so keep it to yourself. 8 If what you say is true, there is ... we can do about it.
5.4D 'Fewer'and 'less' [> LEG 5.16]
1 Fewer is the comparative of few (few, fewer, the fewest). Less is the comparative of little (little, less, the least[> 6.5CJ).
2 Fewer goes with plural countables: Fewer videos have been imported this year than last.
3 Less goes with uncountables: Less oil has been produced this year than last.
4 Informally, we often use less with countables. Some native speakers think it's wrong: Less people are travelling abroad this year. People are buying less newspapers than they used to.
Write: Supply fewer or less in these sentences.
1 The less you pay, the fewer services you get. 2 We've had ... complaints this year. 3 I've had ... lessons than you. 4 New cars need ... servicing than old ones. 5 People have ... money to spend this year. 6 Sue's got... homework than Tom.
5.4E. Write: Put in a little, a lot of, a few, few, fewer, many or much. DON'T CALL US, WE'LL CALL YOU!
Two years ago I moved to a new neighbourhood. There seem to be very 1... people in this area who are without telephones, so I expected to get a new phone quickly. I applied for one as soon as I moved into my new house. 'We aren't supplying 2... new phones in your area,' an engineer told me. '3... people want new phones at the moment and the company is employing 4... engineers than last year so as to save money. A new phone won't cost you 5... money, but it will take 6... time. We can't do anything for you before December.' You need 7... patience if you're waiting for a new phone and you need ... friends whose phones you can use as well. Fortunately, I had both. December came and went, but there was no sign of a phone. I went to the company's local office to protest. They told me I'd have a phone by December,' I protested. 'Which year?' the assistant asked.
5.5'Both'and'all' 5.5A'Both/both the' and 'all/all the' with nouns [> LEG 5.18.1-2]
1 We use both and both the (or both my, etc.) in exactly the same way to refer to two particular people or things (plural countable nouns): Both children/Both the children are in bed. Both cars/Both the cars are very fast.
2 We use all + noun to refer to things in general: (= the whole number or amount): All children like to play, (plural countables) All advice is useless, (uncountable nouns). All the refers to particular people or things: All the children in our street like to play, (all the + plural countable nouns) All the advice you gave me was useless, (all the + uncountable noun)
Write: Supply both (the) or all (the).
1 There is often more than one possibility. Both (the) tyres on my bicycle are flat. 2 ... people are mortal. 3 ... salt in this bag is damp. 4 ... drinking water must be pure. 5 ... windows in the house are open. 6 ... addresses in this list are out of date. 7 ... twins want to go to the party. 8 ... cars need regular servicing. 9 ... front legs of this chair are shaky. 10 ... earth and moon go round the sun.
5.5B'Both' and 'all': word order with verbs [> LEG 5.19] Both and all have three basic positions in affirmative sentences [compare > 7.4A]:
1 after be when it is the only verb in a sentence: The girls are both ready. (= Both girls/Both the girls are ready.) The girls are all ready. (= All the girls are ready.)
2 after auxiliaries (can, etc.) or the first auxiliary when there is more than one: The girls can both speak French. (= Both girls/Both the girls can speak French.) The committee should all have resigned. (= All the committee should have resigned.)
3 before the main verb when there is only one verb:
The girls both left early, (= Both girls/Both the girls left early.) The girls all left early. (= All the girls left early.)
Write: Rewrite these sentences so that both and all are before or after the verbs.
1 All the customers are complaining. The costomers are all complaining. 2 Both the patients had appointments at… 10. 3 ... Both the directors have retired. ... 4 Both our secretaries can speak French. ... 5 All the customers should have complained.6 Both the boys had haircuts. ... 7 All the pupils may leave now. ... 8 All the students wrote good essays. ... 9 All our employees work too hard. ...10 All the children must go home early. ... 11 All the children here learn German. ...
5.5C 'Both' and 'all': word order with pronouns [> LEG 5.20]
1 subject: Instead of: We/They are both ready. We can say: Both of us/them are ready. Or: We/They all left early.>All of us/them left early. 2 Object: Instead of: I love you both/all. We can say: I love both of you/all of you. Or: He gave us both/all some money. >He gave some money to both/all of us.
Write: Rewrite these sentences using both of and all of. 1 We all took taxis. ... 2 They both turned left. ... 3 I know you both... 4 She's interested in them both. ... 5 It all went bad. ... 6 She's concerned about us all. ... 7 You all filled in the forms, didn't you?
5.5D 'None of and 'neither of [> LEG 5.21] The negative of All the girls left early. is: None of the girls left early. The negative of Both the girls left early. is: Neither of the girls left early.
Write: Rewrite these sentences in the negative. 1 All the passengers survived... 2 We were both late... 3 Both tyres needed air... 4 We all knew the answer...
5.5E Write: Put in us, them, both, both the, all or all the. ALL ON BOARD?
1 All of … who travel by plane probably find reasons to complain about airlines, but it is less common for airlines to complain about3...! At 2.35 p.m. Flight 767 was ready to leave for Ibiza and nearly4... passengers were on board. At 6.10 p.m. the plane was still on the runway. Two passengers hadn't boarded. If people check in but don't board5... the luggage must be unloaded.6... passengers had to get off the plane and 7 ... of 8... identified their luggage. At the end there were two pieces of luggage left. Just then, 9... missing passengers appeared. 'We 10 ... went to the bar and we had something to drink and a sandwich,' they explained.11... of12... had been sitting in the bar for hours! The captain scolded 13...14... severely and the other passengers were very angry with15…