- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
4.6A Different uses of 'this' and 'that' [> LEG 4.32-36, App 7]
1 The basic uses of this - these and that - those are: - this and these may refer to something that is close to you: this one/girl here. - that and those may refer to something that is not close to you: that one/boy there.
2 You can use this and that in many different contexts and situations. For example: when you are showing someone round the house: This is my room, when you recognize someone you are looking for: There he is - that's him!
Write: Say when you would use these sentences.
1This is Mr Cooke. - How do you do. Introducing someone 2 Hullo. Is that George? This is Tom here. 3 We lost the match and that set us back… 4 I was robbed. - When did this happen?...5 You can't be too careful these days... 6 Quick! Run! It's that man again!... 7 £50? It costs more than that ... 8 There was this missionary... 9 I don't mean that Mrs Smith ... 10 The fish I caught was that big...
4.6B Uses of 'some/any/no' compounds [> LEG 4.37-39]
1 We use some-compounds in [compare > 5.3B-C, 13.2A]:
- the affirmative: I met someone you know last night.
- questions expecting 'yes': Was there something you wanted?
- offers and requests: Would you like something to drink?
2 We use any-compounds in:
- negative statements: There isn't anyone here who can help you.
- questions when we're doubtful about the answer: Is there anyone here who's a doctor?
3 We use no compounds when the verb is affirmative: There's no one here. (= not anyone)
Write: Supply anybody/anyone, nothing, anything, nobody/no one, somebody/someone or something in these sentences.
1 There's ... in the clothes basket. It's empty. 2 Is there ... in the clothes basket? - No, it's empty. 3 I've tried phoning, but every time I phone there's ... in. 4 I've prepared ... for dinner which you'll like very much. 5 I've never met... who is as obstinate as you are. 6 Would you like ... to start with before you order the main course. 7 I know ... who can help you. 8 He sat at the table, but he didn't have ... to eat. 9 Is there ... here who can speak Japanese? 10 Does ... want a second helping?
4.6C 'Everyone', 'anyone’, etc. with singular or plural pronouns [> LEG 4.40]
1 We often use anyone to mean 'it doesn't matter who', especially after it. The traditional rule is to use masculine pronouns with anyone, everyone, no one, etc., unless the context is definitely female (e.g. a girls' school). According to this rule, you would address an audience of both sexes like this: If anyone wants to leave early, he can ask for permission. But you would address an audience of females like this: 'If anyone wants to leave early,' the headmistress said, 'she can ask for permission.'
2 In practice, we use they, them, etc. without a plural meaning to refer to both sexes, though some native speakers think this is wrong: Instead of: Everyone knows what he has to do, doesn't he? We say: Everyone knows what they have to do, don't they?
Write: Change the words in italics into plural references.
1 Anyone planning to travel abroad should take his driving licence with him. >their... them 2 I suppose everyone believes he could be Prime Minister... 3 We knew that no one had done his homework... 4 If anybody wants to know the answer, he can ask me. ... 5 Everybody knows what the answer is, doesn't he? ... 6 If anyone wants help in an emergency, he can dial 999... 7 Everyone wants to have his cake and eat it... 8 Nobody wants to be told that he is going to be sacked... 9 Ask anyone you know what he thinks of war and he'll say it's evil... 10 Everyone gets what he deserves, even if he doesn't like what he gets.
4.6D. Write: Put in they, this, that, nothing, something, anyone or no one. MY BEST PERFORMANCE.
Everyone has studied subjects at school which 1 they weren't very good at.2... can claim that some subjects aren't harder for them than others, however clever3... are. I've never met 4... who's5... clever. My weakest subject at school was certainly chemistry. I learnt formulas and experiments by heart, but there was6... I could do to improve my performance. 'Is7... the best you can do?' my chemistry teacher would say after every test he set us. 'It's time you did8... about9... subject!' 'I really do try, sir,' I would answer. Before my last chemistry exam, I made a big effort. 'I can't do better than 10...' I said to my teacher as I handed in my paper. 'It was my best performance.' Two weeks later I got my report and eagerly looked up my chemistry marks. I had got 8%! I couldn't believe it! 'Is it... all I got, sir?' I asked. 'I'm afraid so,' my teacher said. 'Of course, 4% was for neatness!'
5 Quantity 5.1 Quantifiers + countable and uncountable nouns
5.1 A Quantifiers + countable and uncountable nouns [> LEG 512]
Quantifiers are words like few, little, plenty of. They show how many things or how much of something we are talking about. Some quantifiers combine with countable nouns; some with uncountable and some with both kinds:
1 Q + plural countable: both books Both, (a) few, fewer, the fewest, a/ the majority of , (not) many, a minority of, a number of/several.
2 Q + uncountable: a bit of bread a (small) amount of, a bit of, a great deal of, a good deal of, (a) little, less [but see 5.4D]. the least, (not) much
3 Q + plural countable; + uncountable: some books, some ink, some (of the), any (of the), enough, a lot of/lots of, hardly any, more/most (of the), plenty of, no, none of the
4 Q + singular countable: each book, all (of) the, any/some (of the), each, either, every, most of the, neither, no, none of the.
Write: Choose the right word in brackets. b Mark the quantifier 1, 2, 3 or 4.
1 We have imported fewer videos this year than last year, (fewer/less) 1 2 There has been ... demand for videos this year than last year, (fewer/less) _ 3 ... vehicles have just been recalled because of a design fault, (a lot of/much) _ 4 ... effort has been put into this project, (a lot of/many) _ 5 There isn't... hope of finding the wreck, (much/many) _ 6 There aren't... dictionaries that can compare with this one. (much/many) _ 7 ... book was written by someone else, (most/most of the) _ 8 ... magazines carry advertisements, (most/ most of) _ 9 ... metal is liable to rust, (most/most of) _ 10 I'd like ... milk in this coffee, please, (a few/a little) _ 11 This room needs ... pictures to brighten it up. (a few/a little) _ 12 ... businesses have gone bankrupt this year, (a good deal of/several) _ 13 There aren't... chocolates left! (any/some) _ 14 There isn't... time to waste, (any/some) _ 15 We've had ... trouble with this machine already,(enough/hardly any) _ 16 There have been ... accidents on this corner this year, (a good deal of/hardly any) 17 We can't accept the estimates... estimate is low enough, (either/neither) _ 18 ... examples prove that I am right, (both/neither) _19 There have been ... changes in the new edition, (no/any) _ 20 There has been ... change in the new edition, (no/any) _
5.1 B Quantifiers that tell us roughly how much and how many [> LEG 5.3]
1 If we say ‘I bought five magazines to read on the train’, we are saying exactly how many.
2 If we say ‘I bought some/a few magazines to read on the train’, we aren't saying how many.
3 If we say ‘I bought a few magazines to read on the train’, we are giving 'a rough idea'. Some quantity words like a few, a little give us 'a rough idea'. If we arrange these on a scale, too much and too many are at the top of the scale and no is at the bottom.
Write: Arrange the quantifiers to show most at the top and least at the bottom. More than one answer is possible.
There are: enough eggs, no eggs, too many eggs, a few eggs, hardly any eggs, plenty of eggs, very few eggs., a lot of eggs, not many eggs.
1a too many eggs 2a… 3a… 4a… 5a... 6a…7a…8a…9a…
There is: nardly any milk, too much milk, a little milk, no milk, no/much milk, enough milk, a lot of milk, plenty of milk, very little milk
1b too much milk 2b… 3b… 4b… 5b... 6b…7b…8b…9b…
Now write sentences of your own using any six of the above quantifiers. 1 There are many apples in the bowl. 2 ... 3 ... 4 ... 5 ... 6 ... ALLA
5.1 C . Write: Put in any, enough, few, hardly any, many, no, plenty of, some or very little. EXCUSES! EXCUSES!
You may be trying to buy a pair of shoes and there are too 1... many in your size and you can't choose, or there are too 2... Shop assistants are good at inventing excuses. A few days ago I was trying to buy3... birthday cards for three five-year-old children. There were4... cards for children, but 5... for five-year-olds. 'Five is a very popular age this year,' the assistant said. 'We can't get6... cards for this age-group.' Then I went to a Do It Yourself shop and tried to buy some orange paint. There was7... paint in the shop, but in the end I found 8... Then I asked for two small paint brushes. 'We don't have9...,' the shop assistant explained. There's 10... demand for them. No one ever asks for 11...'. 'Yes, they do!' I exclaimed. 'I'm asking for 12... now!'