- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
Possible answers
1 Rudi can speak English, and Roxanne can, too.
2 Rudi can't speak Italian, but Roxanne can.
3 Rudi plays tennis, and so does Roxanne.
4 Rudi goes skiing, but Roxanne doesn't.
5 Rudi doesn't like classical music, and neither does Roxanne
6 Rudi visited London last year, but Roxanne didn't.
7 Rudi doesn't speak Italian, but Roxanne does.
8 Rudi didn't visit Rome last year, but Roxanne did.
9 Rudi can speak English, and so can Roxanne.
10 Rudi plays tennis, and Roxanne does, too.
11 Rudi doesn't like classical music, and Roxanne doesn't, either.
12 Rudi speaks English, and Roxanne does, too.
13.4B Parallel responses: 'John can ...'/'I can, too/ So can I.
1 I can, too./So can I.
2 I can't, either/Neither (Nor) can I.
3 So should I./I should, too.
4 I won't, either./Neither (Nor) will I.
5 I do, too./So do I
6 I don't, either /Neither (Nor) do I.
7 So did I /I did, too.
8 I didn't, either/Neither (Nor) did I.
9 I was, too./So was I.
10 So have I /I have, too
11 Neither (Nor) have l./l haven't, either.
12 I did, too./So did I.
13.4C 'So have you' and 'So you have!': I confirmation/surprise 2 addition 3 addition 4 confirmation/surprise 5 confirmation/surprise 6 addition
Possible answers: 7 Jane's got flu. - So have I. (addition)
8 She's got egg on her blouse' - So she has' (confirmation/surprise)
9 Jack's spoken to the boss. - So has Diana. (addition)
10 I've been to Russia. - So have I (addition)
11 Sam's had a haircut at last. - So he has (confirmation/surprise)
12 Jenny's new coat is exactly the same as yours! - So it is! (confirmation/surprise)
13.4D Context. Possible answers: 1 'I'm not, either' or 'Neither/Nor am I 2 'I will, too' or 'So will I 3 '... so would I or I would, too' 4 'So there is' 5 'Neither/Nor can I or 'I can't, either'
13.5А Form of question-word questions (except subject questions): 1a Is she arriving today? b When is she arriving?
2a Has he written a letter? b Why has he written a letter?
За Can she help us? b How can she help us?
4a Do they live in Jamaica? b Where do they live?
5a Does he arrive at 10? b What time does he arrive?
6a Can't you tell us? b What can't you tell us?
13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
1 Who(m) did you invite to your house?
2 Who(m) did Jane see this morning
3 Who(m) did you speak to?
4 Who(m) did they employ?
5 Who(m) did she buy this present for?
6 Who(m) did John phone?
7 Who(m) did you complain to?
8 Who(m) did she write to?
13.5C 'What...?' as a question-word. Possible answers:
1 What are you doing?/What are you looking at7
2 What do you do (for a living)?
3 What (kind/make/sort of) shampoo do you use?
4 What's your boss like?
5 What was the weather like?
6 What's this (called) in English?
7 What (make/kind/sort of) car is that?
8 What nationality is Ibrahim?
9 What time are they leaving?
10 What date is it?/What's the date?
11 What's that (thing) (for)?
13.5D Context: 1 What's his name? 2 What's he done this time?/ What did he do? 3 Who(m) did he steal it from? 4 What date was it?
5 What did you do that for? 6 What are the chances ... 7 What do you say ...?
13.6A 'When ...?' and 'Where .--?' as question-words. Possible answers:
1 When is (or When's) Jim's birthday? 2 Where did you get that T-shirt, Alice? 3 When does the coach leave, Mary? 4 Where's Kyzyl?
13.6B 'Which ...?' as a question-word. Possible answers:
1 film did you go to?
2 books do you prefer?
3 soap does Amy use?
4 girls did you meet at the party?
5 is the longest river in the world?
6 desk is the cheapest?
7 of these three briefcases do you prefer?
8 year will you always remember?
9 month is the hottest in Italy? 10 way did the boys go?
13.6C 'Whose?' 1 Who 2 Whose 3 Who 4 Whose 5 Whose 6 Whose 7 Whose 8 Whose 9 Who 10 Whose (or Who)
13.6D Context: 1 When 2 Who 3 which 4 Whose 5 Where 6 when 7 Where 8 Which 9 who 10 When
13.7A 'Why...?' as a question-word. Possible answers:
1 are you still downstairs?
2 don't we have a party?
3 didn't you ask me to help?
4 did you ring Jack just now?
5 have you bought me these flowers?
6 have you got to ring Tony?
7 are you in such a hurry?
8 don't you leave the job till tomorrow?/Why not leave ...
9 did you go round the back?
13.7B 'How ...?' as a question-word; 'How much?/ How many?' 1 How much 2 How much 3 How many 4 How much 5 How many 6 How many
13.7C 'How ' + adfective or adverb: 'How far?': 1 How old 2 How deep 3 How far 4 How big 5 How long 6 How high
13.7D 'How long ... (for)?' and 'How long ago?': 1 How long .., (for)? 2 How long ago 3 How long ago 4 How long ... (for)?
13.7E Social uses of 'How ...?': 1d 2g 3c 4h 5f 6e 7b 8a
13.7F Context: 1 'What do you charge?' or 'What (price) do you charge/are you charging?' 2 'How much space do you want?' 3 'How long do you want it (for)?1 4 'Do you want a box ...?' 5 'Do you want...?' 6 'How much have you made ...?' 7 'How's your leg ...?' 8 'Why do you ask?' or 'Why are you asking?'
13.8A Subject or object? Write 1: I S 2O ЗО 4S 5S 6O 7O 8S 9O 10S 11O 12S
Write 2: Possible answers:
1 Who can play chess? - Mary can.
2 Who wants to have a day off? - We all do.
3 Who broke the big glass vase? - I didn't.
4 Who’ll help tomorrow? - I will.
5 What made this mark on the table? - A knife (made it)./A knife did.
6 What will make you happy? - A new car (will make me happy)./A new car will.
7 Which/What teacher took you for maths? - Mr Johnson (took us). Mr Johnson did.
8 Which/What tie goes best with this shirt? - Your blue one (goes best)./Your blue one does.
9 Whose dog bit you? - My neighbour's (dog)/My neighbour's dog did.
10 Which/What dog bit you?-The dog which lives next door (did).
11 Whose suitcase got lost on the journey? - Janet's (suitcase) (did).
Write 3: Possible answers:
1 Who can play the guitar?/Which of you can ...?
2 Who would like some more coffee?
3 What happens in the film?
4 Who's coming? Which of you are coming? How many of you are coming?
5 Which actor impressed you the most?
6 Whose chair is squeaking? Which chair is squeaking?
7 Whose car is the blue Fiat?
8 Who's coming/Which of you are coming on an excursion with me?
13.8B Context. Possible answers: 1 Who composed ...? 2 What songs did he compose? 3 Which party will/would win ...? 4 Who will/would be ...? 5 What are/were the papers saying? 6 Which papers are/were ... ? 7 Which country has/had ...? 8 Whose system does/did ...?
9 What does/did Mr Berlin think ...?