- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
1 had been cooking 2 had prepared 3 had been doing 4 had done 5 had done 6 had been doing
9.6D Context: 1 had spent 2 had looked/had been looking 3 had not been able 4 had been 5 had been cooking 6 had prepared 7 had made 8 had baked 9 had always enjoyed/always enjoyed 10 had to 11 had lost 12 said 13 found 14 put 15 smiled 16 fished
9.7A Some uses of 'will' and 'shall': 1 d 2f 3g 4b 5k 6L 7j 8a 9h 10 l(twice)11e 12c
9.7B 'Will' and 'shall1 to refer to the future: I they'll/they will 2 They'll/They will 3 You'll/You will 4 I'll/I will/I shall 5 I will/I shall 6 you will 7 won't 8 I'll/I will/l shall 9 everything'II/ everything will 10 When'll/When will/When shall 11 They will 12 You'll/You will
9.7C Context: 1 shall/will/'ll 2 shan't/won't/will not/shall not 3 shan't/won't/will not/shall not 4 will 5 shan't/won't/will not/shall not 6 will (we shall, but not *My wife and I shalf) 7 shall/will/1!! 8 shall/will/'ll 9 will 10 will/shall/'ll 11 will not/won't/shan't 12 will/shall/'ll 13 will/'ll/shall 14 will/'ll/shall 15 will/'ll/shall 16 will/'ll/shall 17 will/shall
9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
Write 1: 1 will be taking off ('more polite1) or will take off (arrangement [> 9.7B])
2 will you be going (referring to future time) or will you go (intention)
3 you will still be working here ('imagining')
4 They will be sailing (planned action) or will sail (more definite)
5 The President will be meeting (planned action) or will meet (more definite)
6 will you be staying (planned action) or will you stay (more definite)
7 We will be driving (planned action) or will drive (intention)
8 will be writing (imagining)
9 will be circling (imagining)
10 will be seeing (referring to future time) or will see (intention)
Write 2: 1 will you be leaving 2 we'll be leaving 3 you'll arrive 4 we'll check in 5 we'll have 6 you'll be lying 7 I'll be doing 8 we won't be sitting around
9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
1 will have completed 2 will/shall have been waiting 3 will/shall have been living/have lived 4 will/shall have finished 5 will have left 6 will/shall have been flying 7 will have completed 8 will have been travelling/will have travelled
9.8C Context: 1 will have built/will be building 2 will be circling/will circle 3 (will) probably be circling/will probably circle 4 will have established/will be establishing 5 will have increased/will be increasing 6 will be orbiting 7 will have 8 will stay/will be staying 9 will not be clearing up 10 will just be watching
9.9A Uses of the 'going to'-future compared with 'will': 1 are we going to spend 2 We're going to run out of 3 I'll stop 4 We're going to get stuck 5 We'll (or We're going to) have to walk 6 someone'll 7 It's going to rain 8 I'll wave 9 He's going to stop
9.9B 'am/is/are to', 'be about to', 'be due to': 1 are to 2 are to 3 are not to 4 is (just) about to 5 I'm (just) about to 6 is due to 7 not due to/isn't due to
9.9C The future-in-the-past. Possible answers: 1 was to 2 was going to 3 would 4 was about to 5 was due to
9.9D Context. Possible answers:1 are we to do 2 We are to/are to deliver 3 I'll just check/ going 'm just going to check 4 will be/is 5 are taking off/take off/are going to take off/will be taking off 6 would be/was to be/was going to be 7 would/was going to break loose 8 I'll take over
9.10A Some uses of the imperative to express different functions: 1 Do have 2 Do make 3 Do stop 4 Do hurry 5 Do try 6 Do help
9.10B The imperative to address particular people. Possible answers: I Enjoy yourself/yourselves 2 You try 3 You make/ Make ... Meg/Meg, you make 4 Somebody turn off/ Turn off.,. somebody 5 Nobody turn/Don't... anybody/Don't anybody turn 6 You carry/Carry ... John' 7 Everybody sit down/Sit down, everybody 8 Everybody have/Have ... everybody 9 Don't move anybody/Nobody move/Don't anybody move' 10 John, you/John, post/You, John 11 Don't anybody listen/Don't listen to her, anybody!/ Nobody listen to her! 12 Enjoy yourselves, children!
9.10С The imperative with question tags. Possible answers: 1 Stop whistling, will you? 2 Do something useful, can't you? 3 Stop asking questions, won't you? 4 Post this letter, could you? 5 Hold this bag, would you? 6 Get me some stamps, can you? 7 Come in, won't you? 8 Take a seat, will you?
9.10D Double imperatives joined by 'and'. Possible answers: 1 Come and see us soon. 2 Try and lift it./Try to lift it. 3 Sit here and wait until the doctor is ready. 4 Wait and see what will happen.
9.10E Context. 1 DO 2 KEEP 3MIND 4 ASK 5 AVOID 6 COME AND ASK 7 DON'T WASTE 8 THINK
10.1A Some uses of the imperative of 'be': 'Be careful'.
Write 1: 1 Be an angel! 2 Don't be a silly idiot! 3 Be the proud owner... 4 Don't be a writer. 5 You be Batman and I'll be Robin.
Write 2: 1 (Do) be quiet' 2 (Do) be careful! 3 (Do) be generous1 4 (Do) be friendly! 5 (Do) be brave! Don't be noisy! Don't be careless! Don't be mean' Don't be critical! Don't be afraid'
10.1 В The use of 'aren't': 1 aren't 2 aren't 3 aren't 4 isn't 5 aren't 6 aren't 7 wasn't 8 weren't
10.1C 'Be' in the simple present and simple past: 1 was 2 was ...is 3am 4 is 5 is ... was 6 is 7 is ... was 8 are ... were 9 are ...were ... are 10 is ...is 11 are .. are 12 is 13 Is ... was... is i* ' 14 Were ... weren't... are 15 is ... was 16 is ... was 17 was 18 is (or was)