- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
1 of/out of 2 from 3 from 4 with 5 of 6 off 7 on 8 in 9 in 10 on 11 out of 12 out of 13 outside 14 outside 15 without 16 with 17 with 18 with 19 with/without 20 without 21 with 22 with 23 /over 24 on top of 25 over/above 26 above over/above 27 above 28 over 29 above 30 above 31 over 32 under 33 under 34 underneath/under/below 35 below 36 below/ under 37 below/under/underneath 38 under 39 with 40 without 41 with 42 in 43 in 44 with 45 of 46 of
8.5B Context
1 of 2 In 3 of/out of 4 of 5 off 6 over/above 7 out of 8 in 9 of 10 on top of 11 with 12 above 13 in 14 on top of 15 below 16 in/with
8.6B Type 1: Verb + preposition + object, non-idiomatic: look at the camera'
1 with/to 2 from 3 on 4 of 5 from 6 between 7about 8 on 9 at 10 for 11 at 12 for 13 with 14 about 15 to 16 with 17 after 18 for 19 in 20 with 21 of 22 in 23 in 24 for
8.6C Type 1: Verb + object + preposition + object, поп-idiomatic: 'tell me about it'
1 for 2 of 3 from 4 to 5 in 6 about 7 against 8 from/into 9 for 10 of 11 with 12 for 13 of 14 to 15 for 16 from
8.6D Type 1: Verb + preposition + object, idiomatic: 'get over an illness'
1 f 2i Зс 4І 5n 6p 7t 8s 9h 10m 11a 12q 13r 14k 15d 16b 17g 18j 19 о 20e
8.6E Context: 1 at 2 out of/from 3 at 4 from 5 for 6 in 7 in 8 at 9 to 10 for 11 of, 12 on, 13 of, 14 to 15 of,
8.7A Type 1 and Type 2 phrasal verbs compared: 1 (-) 2 (-) 3 turn off the gas 4 (-) 5 given out the papers 6 (-) 7 Write down the information 8 (-) 9 (-)10 (-)
8.7B Type 2: Particles that extend the verb: 'write down':
1f 2b 3k 4n 5j 6p 7h 8s 9c 10q 11t 12r 13e 14o 15 d 16І 17m 18T 19 g 20 a
8.7C Type 2: Verb + particle + object, idiomatic: 'bring about a change: 1 е 2і ЗІ 4n 5j 6f 7k 8m 9o 10b 11a 12d 13h 14g 15c
8.7D Context: I (-) 2 (-) 3 puts a business suit on 4 (-); 5 put his shirt and tie on 6 picked the receiver up; 7 (-) 8 (-) 9 check some figures over 10 (-); II cutting expenses down 12 put the meeting off; 13 writing some notes down 14 (-) 15 put down the receiver 16(-) 17(-) 18(-) 19(-) 20 had his red shorts on
8.8A Type 3: Verb + particle, intransitive, non-idiomatic: 'hurry up'. Possible answers: 1 Come along. 2 Come away. 3 Come in. 4 Come up. 5 Go away. 6 Go in. 7 Go up. 8 Hurry along. 9 Hurry up. 10 Hurry away. 11 Sit down. 12 Sit up. 13 Stand up.
14 Come down. 15 Hurry in. 16 Go down.
8.8B Type 3: Verb + particle, intrasitive, idiomatic: 'break down'
1b 2h 3j 4e 5m 6f 7q 8o 9c/d 10 p,11і 12 n 13 a 14l 15k 16c/d 17g
8.8C Type 4: Verb + particle + preposition + ': object, non-idiomatic: 'walk up to the top'. Possible answers:
1 The lift takes a long time to come down from the top floor. 2 We'd better try to drive on to Calcutta before the sunset. 3 I hurried over to Tom's as soon as I heard the news. 4 Run along to the shop for me and get a loaf of bread. 5 It's best to stay away from the town centre on Friday nights.
8.8D Verb + particle + preposition + object, idiomatic: 'put up with It':
1 е 2L 3b 4t 5i 6n 7g 8k 9q 10s 11p 12j 13o 14a 15r 16d 17f 18h 19m 20 с
8.8E Context: 1 put up with 2 lie down 3 stay up 4 come about 5 lie in 6 catch up on 7 looks down on 8 face up to 9 let me in on 10 coughed up 11 cheer up 12 look forward to
9.1 A Pronunciation and spelling of the 3rd person, simple present: 1 He laughs –|s| 2 She drops –|s| 3 She drinks –|s| 4 She forgets–|s| 5 He loses /iz/ 6 She manages /iz/ 7 He passes /iz/ 8 She rushes /iz/ 9 She saws /z/ 10 He wears /z/ 11 She love /z/ s 12 He sees /z/ 13 He pays/z/ 14 She cries /z/
9.1 В Uses of the simple present tense: 'I work/he works' 1 boils 2 rises 3 works 4 wear 5 eat 6 works 7 go 8 drives 9 gets 10 eat 11 leaves 12 starts 13 see 14 know ... agree 15 hope 16 says
9.1 С Stative and dynamic verbs: The following need ticks: 1 a, 2a, 3b, 4b, 5a, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b
Ib l envy 2b I understand За You know 4a Does he seem 5b I prefer
9.1 D Context: 1 Are you sitting 2 hope 3 are studying 4 have 5 does not include 6 try 7 regard 8 want
9.2A Spelling: how to add '-ing' to a verb: 'wait/waiting', 1 making 2 eating 3 writing 4 forgetting 5 putting 6 travelling 7 catching 8 dying 9 carrying