- •Practice grammar l.G.Ander: Contents:
- •0 General grammar terms
- •1 The sentence
- •2 Nouns
- •3 Articles
- •4 Pronouns
- •5 Quantity
- •6 Adjectives
- •7 Adverbs
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •16 The infinitive and the'-ing'form
- •0.4 The phrase and the clause
- •1 Sentence 1.1a Word order The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order:
- •1 We put the subject before the verb and the object after the verb: The cook burnt the dinner.
- •1.3 The simple sentence: direct and indirect objects
- •1.7 The complex sentence: 'whose'; defining/non-defining clauses
- •1.8 The complex sentence: time, place, manner
- •1.10 The complex sentence: purpose, result and comparison
- •1.11 The complex sentence: present participle constructions
- •2.4D Write: Put in a, a lot of (use once only), some, or '-‘ junk or art?
- •2.5 Number (singular and plural) (1)
- •2.8 The genitive
- •3 Articles 3.1 The indefinite article: 'a/an' (1)
- •3.6 The zero article (2)
- •4 Pronouns 4.1 Personal pronouns
- •4.3 'It' and 'one/some/any/ none'
- •4.4 Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns ('my/mine)
- •4.5 Reflexive pronouns ('myself)
- •4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)
- •5.2 General and specific references to quantity
- •5.3 Uses of 'some', 'any', 'no' and 'none'
- •5.4 'Much', 'many', 'a lot of, '(a) few', '(a) little', 'fewer', 'less'
- •5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'
- •6 Adjectives 6.1 Formation of adjectives
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/-ing' endings
- •6.4 Adjectives after 'be', 'seem', etc.; word order of adjectives
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives
- •7 Adverbs 7.1 Adverbs of manner
- •7.2 Adverbs of time
- •7.3 Adverbial phrases of duration
- •7.4 Adverbs of frequency
- •7.8 Viewpoint adverbs, connecting adverbs and inversion
- •8 Prepositions, adverb particles and phrasal verbs 8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions
- •8.2 Prepositions of movement and position. Prepositions of time
- •8.3 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (1)
- •8.4 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (2)
- •8.5 Particular prepositions, particles: contrasts (3)
- •9 Verbs, verb tenses, imperatives
- •2 Spelling:
- •9.2 The simple present and present progressive tenses (2)
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past:
- •9.6 The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive tenses
- •3 Repeated actions:
- •4 Drawing conclusions:
- •9.8 The simple future, the future progressive, the future perfect
- •9.9 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
- •9.10 The imperative
- •10 Be, Have, Do
- •10.2 'Be'as a full verb (2)
- •10.4 Verbs related in meaning to 'be'
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.6 'Have' as a full verb meaning 'eat', 'enjoy', etc.
- •10.7 'Do'as a full verb
- •11 Modal auxiliaries and related verbs 11.1 The two uses of modal verbs
- •11.2 Uses of modals (etc.) to express ability and inability
- •11.3 Uses of modals (etc.) to express permission and prohibition/ban
- •11.4 Uses of modals (etc.) to express certainty and possibility
- •3 We use be and have been to answer questions with be:
- •11.6 Uses of modals for offers, requests and suggestions
- •11.7 Expressing wishes, etc.: 'I wish', 'if only', It's (high) time'
- •11.8 Expressing preferences: 'would rather' and 'would sooner'
- •11.9 'It's advisable ...'/'It's necessary ...'
- •2 We tend to prefer must:
- •11.10 'It isn't advisable ...'/'It isn't necessary ...'/it's forbidden ...'
- •11.11 Modals to express habit: 'used to', 'will' and 'would'
- •11.12 'Need' and 'dare' as modals and as full verbs
- •12 The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form
- •12.2 Uses of the passive.
- •12.3 Form and use of the causative
- •4 We often use the causative with verbs that have to do with services: e.G. Build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), mend, photocopy, press, print, repair, service.
- •13 Questions, answers, negatives
- •13.1 Yes/No questions (General), negative statements, Yes/No answers
- •13.2 Alternative negative forms and negative questions
- •13.3 Tag questions and echo tags
- •13.4 Additions and responses
- •13.5 Question-word questions (1): 'Who(m)...?', 'What...?'
- •13.6 Question-word questions (2): 'When?', 'Where?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.7 Question-word questions (3): 'Why?', 'How?'
- •13.8 Subject-questions: 'Who?', 'What?', 'Which?', 'Whose?'
- •13.9 Questions about alternatives. Emphatic questions with 'ever'
- •14 Conditional sentences
- •15 Direct and indirect speech
- •Inspector wiley investigates.
- •15.4D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms and tenses of the numbered verbs.
- •15.5 Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech 15.5a Reporting the imperative:
- •15.5C Uses of the to-infinitive in indirect speech
- •15.5D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms
- •15.6B Context. Write: Put in the missing words and punctuation marks.
- •16 The infinitive and the '-ing' form
- •16.2D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or -ing.
- •16.3F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms of the verbs. How to get rid of rats
- •16.4D Context. Write: Supply the correct to-infinitive combinations. The brave old lady and the hopeless crook
- •16.5B Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. It takes your breath away!
- •16.6E Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A flying start!
- •16.7F Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. A case of the shakes!
- •16.8D Context. Write: Put in the correct forms. Snap!
- •Key 1.1a The basic word order of an English sentence
- •1.4A The form of a compound sentence
- •1.7D Context
- •1.8B Adverbial clauses of time (future reference)
- •1.10А Adverbial clauses of purpose with 'so that' and 'in order that'
- •1.10E Context
- •1.11В The present participle in place of adverbial clauses
- •1.11C The present participle in place of relative clauses
- •2.1 A Noun endings: people who do things/people who come from places:
- •2.1 В Nouns formed from verbs, adjectives, other nouns
- •2.2C Compound nouns which tell us about materials and substances:
- •2.3A Countable and uncountable nouns compared
- •2.4B Nouns not normally countable in English: 'information'
- •2.6D Context:
- •2.7B Identifying masculine and feminine through pronouns: 'He/She is a student'
- •3.1 В The 'plural form' of 'a/an'
- •3.2A the use of 'a/an' when something is mentioned for the first time
- •3.4A 'The' for specifying
- •4.1 С Gender in relation to animals, things and countries
- •4.2B 'One' and 'ones' in place of countable nouns: 'Use this clean one'
- •4.5A Verbs commonly followed by reflexive pronouns: 1 enjoyed myself
- •5.3 Uses of 'some9, 'any', 'no' and 'none' 5.3a 'Some/any' or zero in relation to quantity
- •5.5D 'None of and 'neither of
- •5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither', 'each (one of)' 5.7a 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others'
- •6.1 В Adjectives formed with prefixes: 'possible/impossible'
- •6.2B Adjectives that can change in meaning before a noun or after ‘be’
- •6.3 Adjectives that behave like nouns; '-ed/ing' endings
- •6.5 The comparison of adjectives 6.5a Common comparative and superlative forms: ‘cold - colder – coldest’
- •7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
- •8.1 Prepositions, adverb particles and conjunctions 8.1 a Words we can use either as prepositions or as adverbs
- •8.2A 'At a point’, 'in an area' and 'on a surface'
- •8.5A Prepositions, panicles, etc. Often confused and misused
- •8.5B Context
- •9.2B Uses of the present progressive tense: 1 am working/he is working'
- •9.2C The simple present and the present . Progressive tenses in typical contexts
- •9.3A The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
- •9.4A Irregular verbs with the same form in the present as in the past: 'put/put'
- •9.4B Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
- •9.4C The simple past and the past progressive in story-tell ing
- •9.5C The simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive compared:
- •9.6A Uses of the simple past perfect tense: 'I had worked'
- •9.6B Uses of the present and past perfect progressive: 'I have/had been working'
- •9.6C The simple past perfect and past perfect progressive compared
- •9.8A Simple future 1 will work' and progressive 'I will be working' compared
- •9.8B The future perfect simple and the future perfect progressive tenses
- •10.1 D Context
- •10.4А Certainty and uncertainty with 'be', 'seem', etc.
- •10.5B Uses of 'have' and 'have got' to mean 'possess'
- •10.7А Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb
- •11.4B Certain and uncertain answers to questions. Possible answers:
- •11.4C Context
- •11.5A Certainty or deduction?
- •11.6C Making suggestions, inviting actions
- •11.6F Making suggestions that include the speaker
- •11.6G Context
- •11.8A Expressing personal preference with I'd rather'/'I'd sooner'
- •11.11В Uses of 'used to'
- •11.11D 'Will/would' to describe 'usual behaviour'
- •12.1 В The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed'
- •13.1 В Negative statements
- •13.1D Context:
- •13.2А Negative statements with 'negative adverbs': 'never', etc.
- •13.4А Additions and contrasts: 'John can ... And I can, too/but I can't'
- •13.5B 'Who(m)...?' as a question-word
- •13.9A Questions about alternatives (1): 'Did you laugh, or cry?'
- •13.9B Questions about alternatives (2): 'Did you take it, or didn't you?'
- •14.2А Type 2 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you went by train, you would ...'
- •14.2D Context
- •14.3D Context
- •14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if
- •15.1 A Quotation marks and other punctuation marks
- •15.1B Quotation marks and 'reporting verbs'
- •15.1C 'Quote within a quote'
- •15.1 D Context.
- •15.2C Indirect statements with the reporting verb in the present
- •15.3А Common indirect speech forms
- •15.3C Context
- •15.4А Indirect Yes/No questions: 'He asked me if I was ready'
- •15.5B Offers, suggestions, requests for advice: 'He asked if he should ...'
- •15.5C Requests for advice with question-words: 'He wanted to know how ...'
- •15.6B Context
- •16.1А Forms of the infinitive
- •16.1С The infinitive with or without 'to' after 'help' and 'know'
- •16.3C 'He advised me to take out a loan'
- •16.3D 'I know him to be an honest man'
- •16.4B Adjectives with 'too/enough': 'too weak/not strong enough to'
- •16.5А Basic information about the '-ing' form
- •16.5B Context
- •16.7C Common expressions followed by '-ing'
- •16.7E The '-ing' form after 'to' as a preposition
- •16.7F Context
- •16.8D Context
7.4C Adverbs of frequency at the beginning of a sentence
1a) I often bring work home from the office. b Often, I bring work home from the office. 2a) John normally leaves home before his wife does. b) Normally, John leaves home before his wife does. За) І have frequently forgotten to lock the back door. b) Frequently, I have forgotten to lock the back door. 4a) I usually know when to wake up b) Usually, I know when to wake up. 5a) I'm generally the one who pays the bills, b) Generally, I'm the one who pays the bills. 6a) The traffic is often heavy in the mornings. b) Often, the traffic is heavy in the mornings. 7a) We sometimes have power cuts. b) Sometimes, we have power cuts. 8a) There are often complaints about the service. b) Often, there are complaints about the service.
7.4D Context 1 Have you ever forgotten ..? 2 Don't say you never have! 3 We can't always be careful… 4 ... most of us must occasionally have left something ... 5 ... who never forgets anything 6 ... a year are regularly dealt with ... 7 People don't normally carry/normally don't carry .../Normally, people don't carry ... 8 The things people most often lose/lose most often 9 But sometimes there are items/there are sometimes...10 Can you ever imagine ... (or... and not ever claiming it?) 11 Prams and pushchairs are often lost./Often, prams and pushchairs. 12 ... people frequently forget false teeth ... 13 Yet they often do!/Yet often they do!
7.5A The two meanings of 'quite':1 The film was quite good ('less than') 2 The exhibition was quite amazing, ('completely') 3 Pam's quite wonderful ('completely') 4 The play was quite awful, ('completely') 5 I quite enjoyed my holiday, ('less than') 6 I quite like snails, (less than')
7.5B 'Fairly' 1 quite ('complimentary') /fairly ('less complimentary’) 2 quite ('completely')
3 quite ('completely') 4 quite ('complimentary')/fairly ('less complimentary') 5 quite ('completely') 6 quite ('completely')
7.5C 'Rather' 1 quite ('completely')/rather ('inclined to be') 2 quite ('completely') 3 quite ('completely')/rather ('inclined to be') 4 quite ('completely') 5 quite ('less than'/rather ('inclined to be')
7.5D 'Much', 'any', 'far' and 'a lot' as adverbs of degree: 1 much/any 2 much/far/a lot 3 much/far/a lot 4 much/far 5 any /much 6 much/any 7 much 8 much/far 9 much/any 10 much /far/a lot
7.5E Context Possible answers: 1 quite late 2 rather tired 3 fairly middle-aged 4 rather a good meal 5 quite unaware 6 any more 7 any/much use 8 rather a good idea 9 quite dim
7.6A 'Very1, 'too' and 'very much' Write 1: I very ill 2 very much faster 3 too fast for me 4 very (or too) good 5 too expensive 6 very (or very much) mistaken 7 very much interested 8 very much 9 very much admired 10 the very best 11 too intelligent 12 too cold 13 I very much like 14 very much faster 15 very late 16 too late 17 very much missed 18 too much pocket money 19 very much 20 very much alone
Write 2:1 very much 2 too much 3 very 4 very much 5 very 6 very 7 too much 8 too much 9 too 10 too 11 very much 12 very or too
7.6B Adverbs in place of 'very': 'extremely happy', 'fast asleep' Possible answers:
1 awfully 2 terribly 3 greatly 4 extremely 5 terribly 6 wide 7 deeply 8 extremely 9 really 10 richly 11 painfully 12 awfully 13 terribly 14 awfully 15 terribly 16 extremely 17 extremely 18 fast 19 bitterly 20 terribly 21 badly 22 extremely 23 really 24 extremely
7.6C Context Possible answers: 1 too 2 very 3 fast 4 very much 5 painfully 6 too 7 really/very much 8 extremely 9 Much 10 richly
7.7A 'Even', 'only', 'just' and 'simply' for 'focusing' Possible answers: 1 I understood his lecture, but no one else did. 2 I listened, but I didn't take notes. 3 I didn't understand anyone else's lecture./l understood his lecture, but I didn't understand anything else.
4 Set the table in a simple manner. 5 I understood it, but with some difficulty./... but I didn't understand anything else. 6 I didn't understand anyone else's lecture./l understood his lecture, but I didn't understand anything else. 7 I understood it, but with some difficulty.
7.7B Two meanings of 'too': 1 It's too hot. 2 ... and it's hot, too. 3 ... and I went to the supermarket, too. 4 It was too far.
5 It was too expensive. 6 ... and expensive, too
7.7C Too' and 'not either': 1 too 2 too 3 either 4 too 5 either 6 either 7 either 8 too
7.7D 'Also' and 'as well': 1 she can also sing 2 I have also had a shower 3 he also writes TV scripts 4 he will also be tried 5 you should also have written 6 I also have to file some letters 7 I'd also like some sandwiches 8 he also owns the flat 9 we also export a lot 10 it's also too expensive
7.7E Context 1 ...she didn't leave any jewels, either 2 Even my mother was surprised 3 ... she had some rings and some lovely necklaces, too 4 I saw them only once/I оnlу saw them once ... 5 ... in the bedrooms, in the bathroom, and in the attic as well 6 Millie was very careful and was also afraid of burglars 7 ... we'd better take all the food in the deep freeze, too 8 ... the goose was full of jewels and there were some gold coins, too1
7.8A Viewpoint adverbs: 1 d 2c 3b 4e 5a 6f 7h 8g 9i
7.8B Connecting adverbs: 1h 2a 3f 4b 5g 6c 7d 8e
7.8C Inversion after 'negative adverbs', etc. 1 Never has there been such a display of strength by the workers. 2 Only later did I realize what had happened. 3 On no account should you sign the document. 4 In no circumstances should you answer the door when I'm out. 5 So old was the papyrus, we didn't dare to touch it.
7.8D Context 1 is 2 has there been 3 According to 4 However 5 agreeably 6 Moreover 7 In brief 8 Ultimately