Лекция 3
Morphological structure of the word
Morpheme - structural unit of words. The smallest indivisible component of the word possessing a meaning of its own. Morphemic analysis. Immediate and Ultimate Constituents Analysis. Allomorphes. Monomorhic and polymorphic words. Derived words. Productivity.
Stem - part of the word consisting of root and affix. Compound words. Shortenings.
Types of English word-building.
Affixation - coining a new word by adding an affix or several affixes to some root morpheme. Native affixes and borrowed affixes. Productive affixes - the ones which take part in deriving new words in this particular period of language development. Non-productive affixes. Semantics of affixes.
Conversion - making a new word from some existing word by changing the category of a part of speech, the morphemic shape of the original word remaining unchanged. Conversed nouns and verbs. Regular semantic associations.
Composition - the type of word-building, in which new words are produced by combining two or more stems. Structural aspect of compounds: neutral, morphological and syntactic structure. The question of correlation of the separate meanings of the constituent parts and the actual meaning of the compound: 1) non-idiomatic compounds whose meanings can really be described as the sum of their constituent meanings; 2) compounds one (or both) of the components of which has changed its meaning; 3) idiomatic compounds that lost the meaning of its components. The question of criteria for distinguishing between a compound and a word-combination: graphic, phonetic, morphological and syntactic criteria.
Shortening (contraction). Clippings and abbreviations. Back-formation (reversion).
Лекция 4
Classification of words
Language and vocabulary as a system.
Traditional lexicological grouping. Lexico-grammatical groups. Words-families. The theory of the semantic fields. Common denominator of meaning.
Thematic (ideographic) groups. Contextual associations. Signification. Hyponomy and hyperonym.
The term "functional style". Formal and informal situations.
Informal style. General characteristics of informal style. Colloquial words: Literary colloquial words, familiar colloquial, low colloquial. Slang: the problem of definition. Metaphor and slang. Dialect words. Dialects as regional forms of English.
Formal style. General characteristics of formal style. Learned words: the problem of the term, the problem of subdivision. Users of learned words. Archaic and Obsolete words - the problem of distinction. Professional terminology: the problem of usage, the problem of polysemy and synonymy of terms. Basic vocabulary: general characteristics (stylistic neutrality, lack of connotations).
Лекция 5
Phraseology of the English language
The term "phraseological unit" or "idiom". The problem of terminology: set expressions, set-phrases, phrases, fixed word-groups, collocations.
The problem of distinguishing between free word-groups and phraseological units - semantic and structural criteria. Semantic criteria - the degree of semantic change ("completely or partially transferred meaning). Structural criteria - restriction in substitution, restriction in introducing any additional components, grammatical invariatility.
Principles of classification. The traditional principle. The semantic principle - V.V. Vinogradov's classification (phraseological combinations, unities and fusions). The structural principle: verbal, substantive, adjectival, adverbial, interjectional phraseological units. Professor A.V. Koonin's classification - the classification based on the combined structural-semantic principle and the quotient of stability of phraseological units: 1) Nominative phraseological units; 2) nominative-communicative phraseological units; 3) interjectional word-groups; 4) communicative phraseological units (proverbs and sayings). N.N. Ammosova's concept of contextual anaysis. Units of fixed context: a) phrasemes; b) idioms. Two types of idioms. Familiar quotations and proverbs.