- •1.1 Lead-in
- •1.2 Language input
- •1.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •1.3 Background information Politology and Political Science
- •1.4 Comprehension
- •1.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •1.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •1.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •1.5 Practice
- •1.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •1.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-g and fit them in the gaps. There is one extra you don't need.
- •1.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •1.5.6 Do it in English:
- •1.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •1.6 Dialogue
- •Can the study of politics be scientific?
- •Politics as public affairs
- •History and development of political science
- •Indian Sub-Continent
- •1.7 Role play Studying politics
- •1.8 Grammar back up practice with nouns & their determiners Practice with Nouns
- •What kind of noun is it? Is it a countable or uncountable noun?
- •Is the form of a noun correct?
- •Practice with Articles, Demonstratives and other Determiners
- •When and where do we use determiners?
- •If the underlined word or words are used incorrectly, make correction.
- •2. Should the definite article “the” be used?
- •3. Which article should be used?
- •4. Are the demonstratives (“this”, ”that”, ”these”, ”those”) used correctly?
- •2.1 Lead-in
- •2.2 Language input
- •2.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own:
- •2.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •2.3 Background information Sociology and Social Science
- •2.4 Comprehension
- •2.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •2.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •2.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •2.5 Practice
- •2.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •2.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-g and fit them in the gaps. There is one extra you don't need.
- •2.5.5 Scan the three texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •2.5.6 Do it in English:
- •2.5.7 Use the plan and helpful phrases given in Appendix 1 to profile the subject of sociology, methods and techniques. Surf the Internet, find extra information and base your presentation on it.
- •2.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •2.6 Dialogue
- •What is scientific method?
- •Areas of sociology
- •British society
- •2.7 Role play Social groups
- •2.8 Grammar back up practice with verbs (I) Practice with the Present Simple and the Present Continuous
- •1. What does the Present Simple denote?
- •2. What does the Present Continuous denote?
- •Practice with the Past Simple and the Past Continuous
- •1. Is the past simple used correctly?
- •2. Is the past continuous used correctly?
- •3.1 Lead-in
- •3.2 Language input
- •Developing vocabulary
- •3.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own.
- •3.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column.
- •3.3 Background information Political Power and Governance Systems
- •3.4 Comprehension
- •3.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers.
- •3.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •3.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •3.5 Practice
- •Economic Power versus Political Power
- •3.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •Figure 1: Characteristics of good governance
- •3.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-g and fit them in the gaps.
- •3.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •3.5.6 Do it in English:
- •3.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •3.6 Dialogue
- •What is social order?
- •Government Creates Social Order?
- •The British Class System
- •3.7 Role play Political System, State and Government
- •3.8 Grammar back up practice with verbs (II) Practice with the Present Perfect
- •1. What kind of action does the Present Perfect form denote?
- •2. Do we use any particular words to modify the Present Perfect?
- •3. What words help us denote the period of action under consideration?
- •4. Should we use the Present Perfect or the Past Simple?
- •Complete the sentences using the Present Perfect of the verbs in brackets.
- •Give a short summary of what each of the speakers has said.
- •Practice with the Present Perfect Continuous
- •5. Should the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous be used?
- •Practice with the Past Perfect
- •1. What kind of action does the Past Perfect denote?
- •2. Are any words used to underline the meaning of the Past Perfect?
- •Practice with the Past Perfect Continuous
- •1. What kind of action does the Past Perfect Continuous denote?
- •2. Which tense is usually used with the verbs not admitting of the continuous form?
- •3. Which tense do we usually use with non-terminative verbs?
- •Practice with adjectives
- •1. What is the place of an adjective in English?
- •2. What is the order of adjectives when we use two or more adjectives together?
- •Practice with Comparatives and Superlatives
- •1. Is the comparative or superlative form correct?
- •2. Is the comparative or superlative used correctly?
- •3. Is the parallel comparison used correctly?
- •4.1 Lead-in
- •4.2 Language input
- •Developing vocabulary
- •4.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own:
- •4.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •4.3 Background information Social Structure and Social System
- •4.4 Comprehension
- •4.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •4.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •4.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •4.5 Practice
- •Living in a Social Class System – Upward Social Mobility
- •4.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts. Ascription and Achievement: England
- •4.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-l and fit them in the gaps. There is one extra you don't need.
- •4.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •4.5.6 Do it in English:
- •4.5.7 Use the plan and helpful phrases given in Appendix 1 to profile the social structure and social system. Surf the Internet, find extra information and base your presentation on it.
- •4.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •4.6 Dialogue
- •The Process of Social Stratification
- •Questions on Social Stratification
- •Social Stratification in India
- •4.7 Role play What are Socio-economic Issues?
- •4.8 Grammar back up practice with future: will, going to and the present continuous for the future
- •1. When do we use will to talk about the future in English?
- •2. What is the difference between will and to be going to when used in predictions about the future?
- •3. When do we use the present continuous and to be going to to express future in English?
- •Practice with the Present Simple for the Future
- •1. What kind of events do we mean when we use the present simple for the future?
- •Practice with the Future Continuous
- •1. In what cases do we use future continuous?
- •Practice with the Future Perfect
- •1. In what cases do we usually use the future perfect?
- •Practice with the Future in the Past:
- •1. What occasions do we mean using the future in the past?
- •Appendix 1
- •Appendix 2
- •Contents
4.8 Grammar back up practice with future: will, going to and the present continuous for the future
Look up an English grammar reference book and find the answers to the following questions when checking ways of expressing the future.
1. When do we use will to talk about the future in English?
a. We use shall / will + infinitive when we are simply giving information about the future, or predicting future events which are not already decided.
As society grows and becomes more complex, its social structure will become more developed.
When we predict the future, we often use will with the following verbs and expressions: think, expect, believe, be sure, be afraid.
I think it will help you to understand what social stratification is.
b. We also use will when we decide to do something at the moment of speaking.
I’m tired, I think I’ll go to bed early tonight.
c. You can use won’t to say that somebody refuses to do something:
Peter tried to give John advice, but he won’t listen.
2. What is the difference between will and to be going to when used in predictions about the future?
a. We use to be going to to emphasise the idea of intention, of a decision that has already been made.
I am going to explain how different forms of social stratification work in modern society.
b. We use to be going to to make predictions based on present evidence.
Oh, no! Look at those cars! They are going to crash!
c. We use to be going to when we have already decided to do something.
- I’ve heard you are rescheduling the production line.
- That’s right, I am going to meet an urgent order.
3. When do we use the present continuous and to be going to to express future in English?
a. When we talk about things, we have already arranged to do, or planned to do in the future, we can use the present continuous or going to.
I can’t come to you tomorrow, I am delivering a lecture on social and structural mobility in Britain.
Mr. Smith is having (going to have) a talk with Mr. Jason about the basics of Socioeconomics.
b. When we make predictions about the future we can use going to (or will), but not the present continuous.
We have failed to meet the delivery date! It’s going to cost us a lot of money!
Exercise 1
Choose the correct form of the verb.
1. I think we will find / are going to find social inequality, characterized by the unequal distribution of valued resources in every society.
2. However with the changing times and the ever-changing economy, the stratification system may not be a lasting one. Some analysts believe that society does and will have / is going to have room for change and more importantly, improvement.
3. A quote from a Kurt Vonnegut novel describes that a fictional America in the later 21st century will be represented / is going to be represented by absolutely no social inequality.
4. With this new system, there will be / is going to be less emphasis on wealth and thus less inequality among people.
5. The author is really convinced that hard workers and those with important life-long ethics will prosper / are going to prosper in this system, not just the wealthy.
6. My car won’t start / isn’t going to start. It must be the cold, I think.
7. Why don’t you come round tomorrow and I shall / am going to cook you a meal?
8. I’ll start / am going to start a new job next week.
9. The movement of social class is termed societal mobility or simply society as a whole moving up or down in social class. But what will happen / is going to happen to this system in the future?
10.– Have you changed your mind about accepting the offer? – No, I shall accept / am going to accept it.
11.– I’ve come out without any money. – Never mind, I’ll lend / am going to lend you some. How much do you want?
12.– Look what I’ve just bought at an auction! – What an extraordinary thing! Where will you put it / are you going to put it?
13.– Sure, I will try / am going to try to remember this concept. However, there are things beyond my comprehension.
Exercise 2
Complete the situation below. Use will/shall, going to, present continuous and the verbs given. Write a short summary.
Good afternoon dear ladies and gentlemen and welcome to the meeting! Today we ________ (talk) about the new approach to the concept of “social mobility”. So let me first outline the problem background.
As you may probably know, new social hierarchies have emerged quite
recently and this _______ (lead) to new opportunities for competition in the coming decade. Some analysts assume that India, for example, _______ (see) a real boom in employment, communication, distribution of goods, centralized administration, and urban living in a year or so. Therefore the criteria for determining occupations in India _______ (be) a person's skill and quality of performance rather than place of birth.
I’d also like to emphasize that the status of any given role is based on its economic rewards and mobility. The recent studies have shown that technological advances _______ (displace) certain groups as well as _______ (offer) the chance for upward mobility very soon. According to the forecasts some groups ______ (find) themselves displaced by developing technology because their economic and social status _______ (decline). In other cases, individuals _______ (find) new occupations with the opportunity for upward mobility.
If you need any further clarification or would like to share your vision of the problem you are welcome to the seminar which ________ (arrange) next Tuesday. Now let’s move to the other issue...