- •1.1 Lead-in
- •1.2 Language input
- •1.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •1.3 Background information Politology and Political Science
- •1.4 Comprehension
- •1.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •1.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •1.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •1.5 Practice
- •1.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •1.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-g and fit them in the gaps. There is one extra you don't need.
- •1.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •1.5.6 Do it in English:
- •1.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •1.6 Dialogue
- •Can the study of politics be scientific?
- •Politics as public affairs
- •History and development of political science
- •Indian Sub-Continent
- •1.7 Role play Studying politics
- •1.8 Grammar back up practice with nouns & their determiners Practice with Nouns
- •What kind of noun is it? Is it a countable or uncountable noun?
- •Is the form of a noun correct?
- •Practice with Articles, Demonstratives and other Determiners
- •When and where do we use determiners?
- •If the underlined word or words are used incorrectly, make correction.
- •2. Should the definite article “the” be used?
- •3. Which article should be used?
- •4. Are the demonstratives (“this”, ”that”, ”these”, ”those”) used correctly?
- •2.1 Lead-in
- •2.2 Language input
- •2.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own:
- •2.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •2.3 Background information Sociology and Social Science
- •2.4 Comprehension
- •2.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •2.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •2.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •2.5 Practice
- •2.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •2.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-g and fit them in the gaps. There is one extra you don't need.
- •2.5.5 Scan the three texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •2.5.6 Do it in English:
- •2.5.7 Use the plan and helpful phrases given in Appendix 1 to profile the subject of sociology, methods and techniques. Surf the Internet, find extra information and base your presentation on it.
- •2.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •2.6 Dialogue
- •What is scientific method?
- •Areas of sociology
- •British society
- •2.7 Role play Social groups
- •2.8 Grammar back up practice with verbs (I) Practice with the Present Simple and the Present Continuous
- •1. What does the Present Simple denote?
- •2. What does the Present Continuous denote?
- •Practice with the Past Simple and the Past Continuous
- •1. Is the past simple used correctly?
- •2. Is the past continuous used correctly?
- •3.1 Lead-in
- •3.2 Language input
- •Developing vocabulary
- •3.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own.
- •3.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column.
- •3.3 Background information Political Power and Governance Systems
- •3.4 Comprehension
- •3.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers.
- •3.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •3.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •3.5 Practice
- •Economic Power versus Political Power
- •3.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •Figure 1: Characteristics of good governance
- •3.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-g and fit them in the gaps.
- •3.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •3.5.6 Do it in English:
- •3.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •3.6 Dialogue
- •What is social order?
- •Government Creates Social Order?
- •The British Class System
- •3.7 Role play Political System, State and Government
- •3.8 Grammar back up practice with verbs (II) Practice with the Present Perfect
- •1. What kind of action does the Present Perfect form denote?
- •2. Do we use any particular words to modify the Present Perfect?
- •3. What words help us denote the period of action under consideration?
- •4. Should we use the Present Perfect or the Past Simple?
- •Complete the sentences using the Present Perfect of the verbs in brackets.
- •Give a short summary of what each of the speakers has said.
- •Practice with the Present Perfect Continuous
- •5. Should the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous be used?
- •Practice with the Past Perfect
- •1. What kind of action does the Past Perfect denote?
- •2. Are any words used to underline the meaning of the Past Perfect?
- •Practice with the Past Perfect Continuous
- •1. What kind of action does the Past Perfect Continuous denote?
- •2. Which tense is usually used with the verbs not admitting of the continuous form?
- •3. Which tense do we usually use with non-terminative verbs?
- •Practice with adjectives
- •1. What is the place of an adjective in English?
- •2. What is the order of adjectives when we use two or more adjectives together?
- •Practice with Comparatives and Superlatives
- •1. Is the comparative or superlative form correct?
- •2. Is the comparative or superlative used correctly?
- •3. Is the parallel comparison used correctly?
- •4.1 Lead-in
- •4.2 Language input
- •Developing vocabulary
- •4.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own:
- •4.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •4.3 Background information Social Structure and Social System
- •4.4 Comprehension
- •4.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •4.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •4.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •4.5 Practice
- •Living in a Social Class System – Upward Social Mobility
- •4.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts. Ascription and Achievement: England
- •4.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-l and fit them in the gaps. There is one extra you don't need.
- •4.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •4.5.6 Do it in English:
- •4.5.7 Use the plan and helpful phrases given in Appendix 1 to profile the social structure and social system. Surf the Internet, find extra information and base your presentation on it.
- •4.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •4.6 Dialogue
- •The Process of Social Stratification
- •Questions on Social Stratification
- •Social Stratification in India
- •4.7 Role play What are Socio-economic Issues?
- •4.8 Grammar back up practice with future: will, going to and the present continuous for the future
- •1. When do we use will to talk about the future in English?
- •2. What is the difference between will and to be going to when used in predictions about the future?
- •3. When do we use the present continuous and to be going to to express future in English?
- •Practice with the Present Simple for the Future
- •1. What kind of events do we mean when we use the present simple for the future?
- •Practice with the Future Continuous
- •1. In what cases do we use future continuous?
- •Practice with the Future Perfect
- •1. In what cases do we usually use the future perfect?
- •Practice with the Future in the Past:
- •1. What occasions do we mean using the future in the past?
- •Appendix 1
- •Appendix 2
- •Contents
2.5.6 Do it in English:
Социолог интересуется главными вопросами жизни общества, но делает это, используя научный метод исследования. Социологи не просто выходят на улицу и начинают задавать вопросы, они разрабатывают план исследования и отбирают методы и приемы для сбора и анализа данных. Благодаря последовательному использованию научного метода исследователи изучают важную социальную проблему, и их выводы представляют интерес для социологов, психотерапевтов и государственных деятелей. Важным аспектом социологического исследования является решение вопроса о том, как следует отбирать необходимые данные. В нашем обществе люди отрицательно относятся к тому, что их подвергают обследованию. Если исследователь скрывает свою личность и цель исследования, он поступает нечестно, и это может исказить процесс его внедрения в наблюдаемую группу. Возникает щекотливый вопрос относительно влияния наблюдателя на группу и группы на наблюдателя. Наблюдатель не может позволить, чтобы близкие отношения, которые неизбежно возникают, повлияли на выводы исследования. Мы все подвергались опросам того или иного рода в форме либо интервью, либо анкетирования. Людям труднее отказать в личной просьбе принять участие в интервью, чем выбросить анкету. В большинстве социологических исследований люди используются как источники информации: они являются респондентами в опросах, участниками экспериментов, объектами наблюдения. Поэтому при проведении научных исследований социологи должны придерживаться Кодекса Этики.
2.5.7 Use the plan and helpful phrases given in Appendix 1 to profile the subject of sociology, methods and techniques. Surf the Internet, find extra information and base your presentation on it.
2.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
2.6 Dialogue
Read and translate the following dialogue:
What is scientific method?
A. |
Pleased to meet you, Brain. We have started studying sociology as a social science defining a number of techniques used in sociological research. Actually, I guess sociologists must use scientific method in studying society. What are the basic principles and stages of scientific method? Will you clarify the matter for me? |
B. |
Hi, Alex. Sure, I'll try to. Planning is a key element in scientific method and there are five basic steps that researchers follow. The first, of course, is defining the problem. |
A. |
I take your point. The first step in any sociological research project is to state as clearly as possible what you hope to investigate. |
B. |
Oh, definitely. Conducting a review of the literature is necessary for researchers to clarify possible techniques in collecting data and to avoid making unnecessary mistakes. This is the second step. |
A. |
Sure. We must bear in mind that sociological statement about the relationship between two or more factors is called a hypothesis. Is formulating the hypothesis the third step in scientific method? |
B. |
Precisely so. In formulating a hypothesis, we do not mean that it is correct. The hypothesis should be scientifically tested and confirmed. Do you know that in order to test a hypothesis and determine if it is supported or refuted, researchers need to collect information? |
A. |
Yes, of course. I suppose, collecting and analyzing data by creating an appropriate sample for scientific research is the forth step. |
B. |
That's right. To guide researchers in collecting and analyzing data, they employ one of the research designs, the most effective of them is selecting the sample. |
A. |
Are there many kinds of samples? |
B. |
Yes, there are. But the random sample is especially frequently used by social scientists. By using the random sampling techniques, sociologists do not need to question everyone in a population. And this brings me to my last point. You see, developing the conclusion is the final step, but scientific studies do not aim to answer all the questions. Therefore, the conclusion of a research study represents both an end and a beginning. |
A. |
Yes, it's absolutely true. No doubt the conclusion terminates a specific phase of investigation, but it should also generate ideas for the future study. Thank you for clarifying the matter for me. |
B. |
Er, yes, Well, thank you for listening. |
Task 1. Report the dialogue. Use the following reporting verbs:
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Task 2. Work with a partner. Look at the dialogue and discuss what A. and B. say about the following subjects.
the necessity of using scientific method in studying society
defining the problem of a research and reviewing the literature for it
formulating the hypothesis and analyzing information
the role of conclusion of a study in pointing the way to new research
Task 3. Do it in English:
определить методы, используемые в социологическом исследовании
основные принципы и стадии научного метода
определить проблему
ясно определить
изучить литературу
выявить возможные приемы
избегать ошибок
сформулировать гипотезу
иметь в виду (подразумевать), что что-либо верно
подтвердить гипотезу
опровергать гипотезу
собрать и проанализировать данные
провести отбор для исследования
случайный отбор
конечный результат исследования
завершить отдельную фазу исследования
создать идеи для будущего изучения
Task 4. Do it in English:
Существует пять основных стадий научного исследования: определение проблемы, обзор литературы по данной проблеме, формулировка гипотезы, выбор плана исследования для сбора данных и подведение итогов. Формулируя гипотезу, социологи не подразумевают, что она обязательно верна; они просто предполагают, что ее следует изучить. В зависимости от конечного результата исследования гипотеза может быть подтверждена, опровергнута или пересмотрена. Существуют различные способы отбора участников для проведения исследования, и случайная выборка является наиболее часто используемым методом. Научные исследования не имеют целью ответить на все вопросы относительно данной проблемы, поэтому очень часто вывод исследования создает идеи для будущих изысканий.
Task 5. Read the following supporting materials and get ready to analyze and discuss the given information.