- •1.1 Lead-in
- •1.2 Language input
- •1.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •1.3 Background information Politology and Political Science
- •1.4 Comprehension
- •1.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •1.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •1.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •1.5 Practice
- •1.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •1.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-g and fit them in the gaps. There is one extra you don't need.
- •1.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •1.5.6 Do it in English:
- •1.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •1.6 Dialogue
- •Can the study of politics be scientific?
- •Politics as public affairs
- •History and development of political science
- •Indian Sub-Continent
- •1.7 Role play Studying politics
- •1.8 Grammar back up practice with nouns & their determiners Practice with Nouns
- •What kind of noun is it? Is it a countable or uncountable noun?
- •Is the form of a noun correct?
- •Practice with Articles, Demonstratives and other Determiners
- •When and where do we use determiners?
- •If the underlined word or words are used incorrectly, make correction.
- •2. Should the definite article “the” be used?
- •3. Which article should be used?
- •4. Are the demonstratives (“this”, ”that”, ”these”, ”those”) used correctly?
- •2.1 Lead-in
- •2.2 Language input
- •2.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own:
- •2.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •2.3 Background information Sociology and Social Science
- •2.4 Comprehension
- •2.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •2.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •2.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •2.5 Practice
- •2.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •2.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-g and fit them in the gaps. There is one extra you don't need.
- •2.5.5 Scan the three texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •2.5.6 Do it in English:
- •2.5.7 Use the plan and helpful phrases given in Appendix 1 to profile the subject of sociology, methods and techniques. Surf the Internet, find extra information and base your presentation on it.
- •2.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •2.6 Dialogue
- •What is scientific method?
- •Areas of sociology
- •British society
- •2.7 Role play Social groups
- •2.8 Grammar back up practice with verbs (I) Practice with the Present Simple and the Present Continuous
- •1. What does the Present Simple denote?
- •2. What does the Present Continuous denote?
- •Practice with the Past Simple and the Past Continuous
- •1. Is the past simple used correctly?
- •2. Is the past continuous used correctly?
- •3.1 Lead-in
- •3.2 Language input
- •Developing vocabulary
- •3.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own.
- •3.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column.
- •3.3 Background information Political Power and Governance Systems
- •3.4 Comprehension
- •3.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers.
- •3.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •3.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •3.5 Practice
- •Economic Power versus Political Power
- •3.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •Figure 1: Characteristics of good governance
- •3.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-g and fit them in the gaps.
- •3.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •3.5.6 Do it in English:
- •3.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •3.6 Dialogue
- •What is social order?
- •Government Creates Social Order?
- •The British Class System
- •3.7 Role play Political System, State and Government
- •3.8 Grammar back up practice with verbs (II) Practice with the Present Perfect
- •1. What kind of action does the Present Perfect form denote?
- •2. Do we use any particular words to modify the Present Perfect?
- •3. What words help us denote the period of action under consideration?
- •4. Should we use the Present Perfect or the Past Simple?
- •Complete the sentences using the Present Perfect of the verbs in brackets.
- •Give a short summary of what each of the speakers has said.
- •Practice with the Present Perfect Continuous
- •5. Should the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous be used?
- •Practice with the Past Perfect
- •1. What kind of action does the Past Perfect denote?
- •2. Are any words used to underline the meaning of the Past Perfect?
- •Practice with the Past Perfect Continuous
- •1. What kind of action does the Past Perfect Continuous denote?
- •2. Which tense is usually used with the verbs not admitting of the continuous form?
- •3. Which tense do we usually use with non-terminative verbs?
- •Practice with adjectives
- •1. What is the place of an adjective in English?
- •2. What is the order of adjectives when we use two or more adjectives together?
- •1. Is the comparative or superlative form correct?
- •2. Is the comparative or superlative used correctly?
- •3. Is the parallel comparison used correctly?
- •Practice with Comparatives and Superlatives
- •4.1 Lead-in
- •4.2 Language input
- •Developing vocabulary
- •4.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own:
- •4.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •4.3 Background information Social Structure and Social System
- •4.4 Comprehension
- •4.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •4.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •4.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •4.5 Practice
- •Living in a Social Class System – Upward Social Mobility
- •4.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts. Ascription and Achievement: England
- •4.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-l and fit them in the gaps. There is one extra you don't need.
- •4.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •4.5.6 Do it in English:
- •4.5.7 Use the plan and helpful phrases given in Appendix 1 to profile the social structure and social system. Surf the Internet, find extra information and base your presentation on it.
- •4.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •4.6 Dialogue
- •The Process of Social Stratification
- •Questions on Social Stratification
- •Social Stratification in India
- •4.7 Role play What are Socio-economic Issues?
- •4.8 Grammar back up practice with future: will, going to and the present continuous for the future
- •1. When do we use will to talk about the future in English?
- •2. What is the difference between will and to be going to when used in predictions about the future?
- •3. When do we use the present continuous and to be going to to express future in English?
- •Practice with the Present Simple for the Future
- •1. What kind of events do we mean when we use the present simple for the future?
- •Practice with the Future Continuous
- •1. In what cases do we use future continuous?
- •Practice with the Future Perfect
- •1. In what cases do we usually use the future perfect?
- •Practice with the Future in the Past:
- •1. What occasions do we mean using the future in the past?
- •Appendix 1
- •Appendix 2
- •Contents
Practice with the Present Perfect Continuous
Look up an English grammar reference book and find answers to the following questions considering the given examples:
1. What action does the Present Perfect Continuous denote?
All ministers have been working all day.
You are not well today. You look distressed. You have been weeping.
I have been discussing political matters since then.
I suppose you have been telling lies again.
2. What words, if any, are used to identify the Present Perfect Continuous?
I have been looking through all these bills for the last ten minutes.
People have been rating the activity of the Cabinet highly since it was elected .
3. Is it possible to use the Present Perfect Continuous with the verbs not admitting of the continuous form?
With the verbs not admitting of the continuous form the Present Perfect is the only tense possible.
“She’s dead – has been dead for hours”, said the doctor.
I’ve heard for a long time already that there are many debates about the electoral system but our experts keep silence.
4. Which tense is used with non-terminative verbs?
With certain non-terminative verbs, such as to live, to work, to study, to teach,
to travel, etc., both the Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous are used.
We have worked at the problem for several months.
(The fact is emphasized).
We have been working and working at the problem for months
and I don’t think we are likely to solve it.
(The process is emphasized).
5. Should the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous be used?
a. The Present Perfect denotes a completed action while with the Present Perfect Continuous there is an implication of incompleteness.
He has made some payments. Now he has to save.
John is out of money. He has been making some payments.
b. We use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about how long something has been in progress.
We have been planning our meeting since 12 o’clock.
How long have you been typing letters?
We use the Present Perfect to talk about what has been achieved in a period of time.
I’ve typed four letters so far this morning.
We have planned the greater part of our meeting since 12 o’clock.
c. We use the Present Perfect Continuous for situations which are more temporary (continuing for a short period).
He has been living there for just a few weeks.
We have been buying newspapers at the current price for just two days.
We use the Present Perfect for situations which are more permanent (continuing for a longer time).
You have worked hard all your life.
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences using the appropriate tense of the verbs in brackets.
1. I’m sorry, I’m late. ... (you / wait) long?
2. We ... (plan) our meeting since early morning but we are still in the process.
3. Our specialists ... (study) the political party system for 3 months and now they can demonstrate the results of their survey.
4. They ... (advertize) their candidates everywhere for a month.
5. – How long ... you (look for) the documents concerning the electoral system in Britain? – I ... (try) to find them since morning, but I think it’ll take me the whole day.
6. ... you (clear up) some of Sally’s work ? It has been a hectic day.
7. Mr. White, the Labour Party member, ... (pay) his member’s subscription to the party since January 3.
8. I ... (dial the number direct) for half an hour, but in vain. Let’s do it through the operator.
9. The main function of the Cabinet ... (be) to make laws since it was founded.
10. These experts ... (analyze) the general policy of the government for a week. Do you think we should hire some more specialists?
Exercise 2
Choose the correct form.
1. – Can I have a look at his report for the month? – Certainly. You can keep it if you like. I have been reading / have read it.
2. They have been paying / have paid through a London branch this month, but we haven’t received the payment yet.
3. You know this candidate has failed / has been failing to arrive in London.
4. Mr. Cross has been paying / has paid nearly two thousand pounds so far this year.
5. What’s the matter? Has something been going / has something gone wrong with our legislative act?
6. I have always been writing / have always written my reports by myself.
7. Prime Minister has been ringing / has rung you up for 2 hours. He is on the line.
8. Something has happened / has been happening to our agent in the USA. I can’t locate him.
9. The secretary has tried / has been trying to find the file concerning the results of the 5 May 2005 general elections for 2 hours.
10. Miss Trand has telephoned / has been telephoning to say that she is ill and cannot come to the office.