- •1.1 Lead-in
- •1.2 Language input
- •1.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •1.3 Background information Politology and Political Science
- •1.4 Comprehension
- •1.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •1.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •1.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •1.5 Practice
- •1.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •1.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-g and fit them in the gaps. There is one extra you don't need.
- •1.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •1.5.6 Do it in English:
- •1.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •1.6 Dialogue
- •Can the study of politics be scientific?
- •Politics as public affairs
- •History and development of political science
- •Indian Sub-Continent
- •1.7 Role play Studying politics
- •1.8 Grammar back up practice with nouns & their determiners Practice with Nouns
- •What kind of noun is it? Is it a countable or uncountable noun?
- •Is the form of a noun correct?
- •Practice with Articles, Demonstratives and other Determiners
- •When and where do we use determiners?
- •If the underlined word or words are used incorrectly, make correction.
- •2. Should the definite article “the” be used?
- •3. Which article should be used?
- •4. Are the demonstratives (“this”, ”that”, ”these”, ”those”) used correctly?
- •2.1 Lead-in
- •2.2 Language input
- •2.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own:
- •2.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •2.3 Background information Sociology and Social Science
- •2.4 Comprehension
- •2.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •2.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •2.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •2.5 Practice
- •2.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •2.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-g and fit them in the gaps. There is one extra you don't need.
- •2.5.5 Scan the three texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •2.5.6 Do it in English:
- •2.5.7 Use the plan and helpful phrases given in Appendix 1 to profile the subject of sociology, methods and techniques. Surf the Internet, find extra information and base your presentation on it.
- •2.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •2.6 Dialogue
- •What is scientific method?
- •Areas of sociology
- •British society
- •2.7 Role play Social groups
- •2.8 Grammar back up practice with verbs (I) Practice with the Present Simple and the Present Continuous
- •1. What does the Present Simple denote?
- •2. What does the Present Continuous denote?
- •Practice with the Past Simple and the Past Continuous
- •1. Is the past simple used correctly?
- •2. Is the past continuous used correctly?
- •3.1 Lead-in
- •3.2 Language input
- •Developing vocabulary
- •3.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own.
- •3.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column.
- •3.3 Background information Political Power and Governance Systems
- •3.4 Comprehension
- •3.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers.
- •3.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •3.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •3.5 Practice
- •Economic Power versus Political Power
- •3.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •Figure 1: Characteristics of good governance
- •3.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-g and fit them in the gaps.
- •3.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •3.5.6 Do it in English:
- •3.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •3.6 Dialogue
- •What is social order?
- •Government Creates Social Order?
- •The British Class System
- •3.7 Role play Political System, State and Government
- •3.8 Grammar back up practice with verbs (II) Practice with the Present Perfect
- •1. What kind of action does the Present Perfect form denote?
- •2. Do we use any particular words to modify the Present Perfect?
- •3. What words help us denote the period of action under consideration?
- •4. Should we use the Present Perfect or the Past Simple?
- •Complete the sentences using the Present Perfect of the verbs in brackets.
- •Give a short summary of what each of the speakers has said.
- •Practice with the Present Perfect Continuous
- •5. Should the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous be used?
- •Practice with the Past Perfect
- •1. What kind of action does the Past Perfect denote?
- •2. Are any words used to underline the meaning of the Past Perfect?
- •Practice with the Past Perfect Continuous
- •1. What kind of action does the Past Perfect Continuous denote?
- •2. Which tense is usually used with the verbs not admitting of the continuous form?
- •3. Which tense do we usually use with non-terminative verbs?
- •Practice with adjectives
- •1. What is the place of an adjective in English?
- •2. What is the order of adjectives when we use two or more adjectives together?
- •Practice with Comparatives and Superlatives
- •1. Is the comparative or superlative form correct?
- •2. Is the comparative or superlative used correctly?
- •3. Is the parallel comparison used correctly?
- •4.1 Lead-in
- •4.2 Language input
- •Developing vocabulary
- •4.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own:
- •4.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •4.3 Background information Social Structure and Social System
- •4.4 Comprehension
- •4.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •4.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •4.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •4.5 Practice
- •Living in a Social Class System – Upward Social Mobility
- •4.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts. Ascription and Achievement: England
- •4.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-l and fit them in the gaps. There is one extra you don't need.
- •4.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •4.5.6 Do it in English:
- •4.5.7 Use the plan and helpful phrases given in Appendix 1 to profile the social structure and social system. Surf the Internet, find extra information and base your presentation on it.
- •4.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •4.6 Dialogue
- •The Process of Social Stratification
- •Questions on Social Stratification
- •Social Stratification in India
- •4.7 Role play What are Socio-economic Issues?
- •4.8 Grammar back up practice with future: will, going to and the present continuous for the future
- •1. When do we use will to talk about the future in English?
- •2. What is the difference between will and to be going to when used in predictions about the future?
- •3. When do we use the present continuous and to be going to to express future in English?
- •Practice with the Present Simple for the Future
- •1. What kind of events do we mean when we use the present simple for the future?
- •Practice with the Future Continuous
- •1. In what cases do we use future continuous?
- •Practice with the Future Perfect
- •1. In what cases do we usually use the future perfect?
- •Practice with the Future in the Past:
- •1. What occasions do we mean using the future in the past?
- •Appendix 1
- •Appendix 2
- •Contents
4.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
Социальная прослойка, производство, распределение, потребление, скопление людей, человеческое существо, действовать, взаимодействовать, производительные силы, производственные отношения, достоинство, преобразование, исторический материализм, слой общества, социальный статус по рождению, простые семейные корни, трудолюбие, охватывать, переменные, характерный, в значительной степени, несовершенный, плохое удобство и пристанище, меньшинства, жители сельских районов, карьерный рост, зависящий от обстоятельств, порождать, возможность успеха при условиях тяжелой борьбы или длительных усилий, происхождение, плата за образование, страхование служащих, прогрессивный подоходный налог, социальное происхождение, каста, переплетаемый, промышленный рабочий класс, сословная система, духовенство, дворянство, простонародье, право первородства, накопить, социальная иерархия, размывать, потомки, закостенелость, речевые особенности.
4.5.6 Do it in English:
Социальная стратификация - одно из основных понятий социологии, обозначающее систему признаков и критериев социального расслоения, а также социальную структуру общества и отрасль социологии. Термин «стратификация» вошел в социологию из геологии, где он обозначает расположение пластов земли. Изначально, люди сравнивали существующие между ними социальные различия со слоями земли, этажами зданий, ярусами растений и т.п.
Стратификация — это деление общества на специальные слои (страты) путем объединения различных социальных позиций с примерно одинаковым социальным статусом. Деление общества на страты основывается на неравенстве социальных дистанций между ними — основное свойство стратификации. Социальные страты выстраиваются вертикально и в строгой последовательности по индикаторам благосостояния, власти, образования, досуга, потребления.
4.5.7 Use the plan and helpful phrases given in Appendix 1 to profile the social structure and social system. Surf the Internet, find extra information and base your presentation on it.
4.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
4.6 Dialogue
Read and translate the following dialogue:
The Process of Social Stratification
A. |
Hi, Jane. I haven’t seen you for ages. You look great! How’s life treating you? |
B. |
Hi, Robert! Are you kidding? I haven’t had a night’s sleep! I am at the end of my wits! We are having a seminar in Social Science tomorrow and it’s all uncharted territory for me. What luck running into you! I need your help. |
A. |
Oh! I would be happy to be of any use for you. I would appreciate every bit of time with you! You know how I feel about you! |
B. |
Stop it, Robert! I feel really desperate. Be serious and help me, please! |
A. |
OK, Jane, I will. Let’s get down to serious matters. What issues are you currently discussing in class? |
B. |
The process of social stratification is the topic of the seminar. Of course, I can speak about it in general terms but our teacher requires us to provide extended definitions and lots of detail. My memory fails me when I try to explain how different forms of social stratification work in contemporary society. Sure, I’ll try to remember it. However, there are things beyond me. |
A. |
Don’t panic. I remember from my lectures on Sociology that early in human history, social structure was fairly simple, so most members of society had equal standing. As society grew and became more complex, some members were given more importance than others. This was the beginning of social stratification. All societies contain stratification, although such stratification takes different forms depending on the associated culture. Stratified societies have an unequal distribution of wealth and a hierarchical arrangement of people that is based on the amount of wealth and power they possess. |
B. |
As simple as that! Robert, you are an angel! Do you mean that in hunter-gatherer societies, everyone was interdependent? As I can see it now, the emergence of agricultural societies led to inequality because not everyone needed to be involved in food production. I guess it led to the division of labor and job specialization. Continue, please. |
A. |
That’s it, clever girl! The result was that some jobs were more highly valued than others. For example, manual laborers were much less respected than those involved in commerce or arts. The practice of accumulating land and possessions, which families passed onto future generations, was another source of stratification. |
B. |
I see your point. What about the Industrial Revolution? Didn’t it contribute to further stratification of society? |
A. |
Yes, it's absolutely true. You are getting up! Industrialization helped to expand stratification. Factory owners became wealthy through workers' labor, and a new layer of society emerged: the middle class. Later, factory owners moved closer to the aristocratic class in terms of wealth. Then, as industrial societies progressed, workers' earnings increased, and they purchased homes and other consumer goods. This group of workers started to move from the working class to the middle class, a process sociologists refer to as "embourgeoisement." |
B. |
It sounds much too alien for me. Could you put it in native words for me? However, I think, I’ve grasped the idea! I say, there’s still one thing I want to be aware of. What is ‘social mobility? It’s on the list of questions to be discussed at the seminar. |
A.
B.
A. |
You know, changes in a society's skill requirements have also had a major impact on social stratification. Technological societies generally experience an increased need for skilled, literate workers with expertise in specific processes rather than unskilled workers. The skills needed are acquired largely through education, and anyone from what is seen as a lower social stratum can move up by using education to improve his or her skills. The term for this movement is "social mobility." Thank you, Robert! You are the best teacher I have ever met. Now I feel I can live through it! How kind of you to be so resourceful! The pleasure was mine, Jane! What about going to the cinema tonight? |
Task 1. Report the dialogue. Use the following reporting verbs:
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Task 2. Work with a partner. Look at the dialogue and discuss what A. and B. say about the following subjects.
the sources of stratification
the impact of changes in a society's skill requirements
the importance of division of labor
the different forms of social stratification
Task 3. Do it in English:
современное общество
быть в равном положении
придавать большое значение
общественное устройство
недоступно моему пониманию
связанный с чем-либо, соответствующий
распределение материальных благ
иерархическое распределение
обладать властью и богатством
работники ручного труда
общество охотников-собирателей
аграрное общество
захватывать земли и накапливать имущество
разделение труда и рабочая специализация
торговля или ремесла
промышленный переворот
слой общества
потребительские товары
обуржуазвление, увеличение среднего класса
карьерный рост
оказать сильное влияние
грамотные рабочие со знаниями и опытом
Task 4. Do it in English:
Отношения общественного равенства и неравенства, а также права и обязанности групп, вытекающие из занимаемых ими общественных позиций (статусов), называются социальной стратификацией. Это понятие характеризует ту постоянно существующую асимметрию в отношениях групп, которая структурирует общество, но всегда является результатом воздействия конкретных социально-экономических и иных общественных отношений в конкретной стране. Социальная стратификация — это результат взаимодействия тенденций к расслоению населения и его преодоления. Некоторые специалисты полагают, что социальная стратификация выражает только иерархические связи между группами. Однако большинство ученых все же считают, что это понятие характеризует общественную дистанцию, складывающуюся между людьми не только по вертикали (к примеру, различия в положении генерала и рядового военнослужащего), но и по горизонтали (отношение между тем же генералом и соответствующим ему по рангу работником гражданского сектора в аппарате государственного управления).
Task 5. Read the following supporting materials and get ready to analyze and discuss the given information in the form of a dialogue.