- •1.1 Lead-in
- •1.2 Language input
- •1.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •1.3 Background information Politology and Political Science
- •1.4 Comprehension
- •1.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •1.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •1.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •1.5 Practice
- •1.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •1.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-g and fit them in the gaps. There is one extra you don't need.
- •1.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •1.5.6 Do it in English:
- •1.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •1.6 Dialogue
- •Can the study of politics be scientific?
- •Politics as public affairs
- •History and development of political science
- •Indian Sub-Continent
- •1.7 Role play Studying politics
- •1.8 Grammar back up practice with nouns & their determiners Practice with Nouns
- •What kind of noun is it? Is it a countable or uncountable noun?
- •Is the form of a noun correct?
- •Practice with Articles, Demonstratives and other Determiners
- •When and where do we use determiners?
- •If the underlined word or words are used incorrectly, make correction.
- •2. Should the definite article “the” be used?
- •3. Which article should be used?
- •4. Are the demonstratives (“this”, ”that”, ”these”, ”those”) used correctly?
- •2.1 Lead-in
- •2.2 Language input
- •2.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own:
- •2.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •2.3 Background information Sociology and Social Science
- •2.4 Comprehension
- •2.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •2.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •2.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •2.5 Practice
- •2.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •2.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-g and fit them in the gaps. There is one extra you don't need.
- •2.5.5 Scan the three texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •2.5.6 Do it in English:
- •2.5.7 Use the plan and helpful phrases given in Appendix 1 to profile the subject of sociology, methods and techniques. Surf the Internet, find extra information and base your presentation on it.
- •2.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •2.6 Dialogue
- •What is scientific method?
- •Areas of sociology
- •British society
- •2.7 Role play Social groups
- •2.8 Grammar back up practice with verbs (I) Practice with the Present Simple and the Present Continuous
- •1. What does the Present Simple denote?
- •2. What does the Present Continuous denote?
- •Practice with the Past Simple and the Past Continuous
- •1. Is the past simple used correctly?
- •2. Is the past continuous used correctly?
- •3.1 Lead-in
- •3.2 Language input
- •Developing vocabulary
- •3.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own.
- •3.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column.
- •3.3 Background information Political Power and Governance Systems
- •3.4 Comprehension
- •3.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers.
- •3.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •3.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •3.5 Practice
- •Economic Power versus Political Power
- •3.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts.
- •Figure 1: Characteristics of good governance
- •3.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-g and fit them in the gaps.
- •3.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •3.5.6 Do it in English:
- •3.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •3.6 Dialogue
- •What is social order?
- •Government Creates Social Order?
- •The British Class System
- •3.7 Role play Political System, State and Government
- •3.8 Grammar back up practice with verbs (II) Practice with the Present Perfect
- •1. What kind of action does the Present Perfect form denote?
- •2. Do we use any particular words to modify the Present Perfect?
- •3. What words help us denote the period of action under consideration?
- •4. Should we use the Present Perfect or the Past Simple?
- •Complete the sentences using the Present Perfect of the verbs in brackets.
- •Give a short summary of what each of the speakers has said.
- •Practice with the Present Perfect Continuous
- •5. Should the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous be used?
- •Practice with the Past Perfect
- •1. What kind of action does the Past Perfect denote?
- •2. Are any words used to underline the meaning of the Past Perfect?
- •Practice with the Past Perfect Continuous
- •1. What kind of action does the Past Perfect Continuous denote?
- •2. Which tense is usually used with the verbs not admitting of the continuous form?
- •3. Which tense do we usually use with non-terminative verbs?
- •Practice with adjectives
- •1. What is the place of an adjective in English?
- •2. What is the order of adjectives when we use two or more adjectives together?
- •Practice with Comparatives and Superlatives
- •1. Is the comparative or superlative form correct?
- •2. Is the comparative or superlative used correctly?
- •3. Is the parallel comparison used correctly?
- •4.1 Lead-in
- •4.2 Language input
- •Developing vocabulary
- •4.2.1 Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations, quote the sentences in which they are used in the text or submit the examples of your own:
- •4.2.2 Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column:
- •4.3 Background information Social Structure and Social System
- •4.4 Comprehension
- •4.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions. Use the following expressions to present your answers:
- •4.4.2 Scan the text to determine whether these statements are true (t) or false (f). With a partner, discuss why.
- •4.4.3 Write a paragraph on:
- •4.5 Practice
- •Living in a Social Class System – Upward Social Mobility
- •4.5.3 Read the text, ignoring the missing parts. Ascription and Achievement: England
- •4.5.4 Look at the missing parts a-l and fit them in the gaps. There is one extra you don't need.
- •4.5.5 Scan the above texts and find the English equivalents for the following.
- •4.5.6 Do it in English:
- •4.5.7 Use the plan and helpful phrases given in Appendix 1 to profile the social structure and social system. Surf the Internet, find extra information and base your presentation on it.
- •4.5.8 Comment on the presentation given by your colleague. Make use of the points and helpful phrases given in Appendix 2.
- •4.6 Dialogue
- •The Process of Social Stratification
- •Questions on Social Stratification
- •Social Stratification in India
- •4.7 Role play What are Socio-economic Issues?
- •4.8 Grammar back up practice with future: will, going to and the present continuous for the future
- •1. When do we use will to talk about the future in English?
- •2. What is the difference between will and to be going to when used in predictions about the future?
- •3. When do we use the present continuous and to be going to to express future in English?
- •Practice with the Present Simple for the Future
- •1. What kind of events do we mean when we use the present simple for the future?
- •Practice with the Future Continuous
- •1. In what cases do we use future continuous?
- •Practice with the Future Perfect
- •1. In what cases do we usually use the future perfect?
- •Practice with the Future in the Past:
- •1. What occasions do we mean using the future in the past?
- •Appendix 1
- •Appendix 2
- •Contents
3.8 Grammar back up practice with verbs (II) Practice with the Present Perfect
Look up an English grammar reference book and find answers to the following questions considering the given examples:
1. What kind of action does the Present Perfect form denote?
The influence of the Prime Minister has fallen sharply this year.
2. Do we use any particular words to modify the Present Perfect?
A proposal for a new law has just been passed by the House of Commons.
Mr. Blake, I suppose, has not returned from town yet.
It’s nearly 10 o’clock. Has the Cabinet obtained the necessary
information yet?
– Could you list some similarities and differences between the UK parliamentary system and your own? – I have already made it.
The secretary has written six letters this morning. (It is still “this morning”.)
Some new bills have been discussed by the Cabinet this afternoon.
(It is still “this afternoon”.)
3. What words help us denote the period of action under consideration?
A political system has greatly changed since the Middle Ages.
Mr. Fleming, I have known you now for something like fourteen years.
The Cabinet has been increasingly responsible for deciding policies since it was elected.
She has worked in London for six months.(= She still works there now.)
What’s the best film you have ever seen?
He has never taken part in the elections.
Have we ever rated this firm as sound?
4. Should we use the Present Perfect or the Past Simple?
I have lived in London for ten years.(= I still live in London now).
He has rated the Government’s policy very highly for several years.(= He rates it highly now.)
She has bought newspapers at the current price for a long time.
I paid by my credit card for 5 years. (= I do not pay by my credit card now.)
He studied political science for several years but now he does not study it at all.
She bought journals at the current price but at the moment she can’t afford it.
Exercise 1
Complete the sentences using the Present Perfect of the verbs in brackets.
Give a short summary of what each of the speakers has said.
Student A: All right. Shall we start? You ... (study) our report concerning political power, ... (have) you?
Student B: Yes, we ... just carefully (examine) it. In principle we ... (find) the information provided quite acceptable.
Student A: Good. If you agree with everything it won’t take us long to finalise the matter.
Student B: We hope not, but we’d like to clarify some points. The major point is the term authority. As far as I can understand this term refers to power that …(institutionalize) lately and is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised.
Student A: Definitely. Moreover, I’d like to add that for a long time sociologists … commonly (use) this term in connection with those who … (hold) legitimate power through elected or publicly acknowledged positions for a long time. As you know each society … (establish) a political system by which it is governed.
Student B: It sounds convincing. As I ... already (hear) in modern industrial societies there are five basic types of government: monarchy, oligarchy, dictatorship, totalitarianism and democracy.
Student A: Yes, that is one way of looking at it, but I’d like to point out that each society … (have) its own ways of governing itself and making decisions since ancient times.
Student B: No doubt. And I am sure that for years each generation in every country … (encourage) by the governmental reforms to accept a society's basic political values and its particular methods of decision making.
Student A: Well, I think we … (look into) the matter.
Student B: Well, I think so. My opinion is that we ... (cover) the major points of our discussion fully.
Student A: All right. But I think we need some more time to discuss what you ... just (say) about five basic types of government. I mean monarchy, oligarchy, dictatorship, totalitarianism and democracy.
Student B: Fine. Today you … (clarify) everything to me. Thanks a lot. And I am always ready to resume our discussion at your convenience.
Exercise 2
Write “R” (right) if the tense is used correctly, and “W” (wrong) if it is not.
1. The voters have supported the creation of stronger local government in these regions 2 years ago.
2. The Cabinet has never planned its expenditures before.
3. Tom has been hearing for three days already that the government is inclined to control the prices for major consumer goods and services.
4. This bulletin was sold at $5 for a long time, but today the sellers have changed the price.
5. The importance of the Conservative Party has changed for my friend greatly since he made a decision to become a member of the Labour Party.
6. Today I stopped buying newspapers at the current price as my financial sacrifice is greater than the satisfaction of reading them.
7. Did you ever see our Party Manifesto? You can find some amendments in it. Look, here is the latest variant of the document. We changed it lately.
8. Have you seen the latest advertisement of this new party yet? It’s very attractive and emotional.
Exercise 3
Do it in English:
1. Известно, что политическая власть это способность одного человека или группы лиц контролировать поведение граждан и общества, исходя из общенациональных или общегосударственных задач.
2. Общеизвестно, что основным направлением политики государства является экономическая политика.
3. Не секрет, что воздействие экономической власти на политику через социальную сферу определяет материальное положение разных социальных групп.
4. Политическая власть сама по себе есть феномен неравенства, асимметрии, если исходить из положения и возможностей субъекта и объекта этой власти: у одних право властвовать, у других обязанность подчиняться. Это неравенство поддерживается целой системой разнообразных средств (ресурсов), с помощью которых реализуется политическая власть. Она пользуется этими ресурсами в целях убеждения, поощрения и наказания подвластных. Среди них экономические, социальные, силовые, информационные и другие ресурсы.
5. Все понимают, что законодательный процесс является долгим и сложным, так как включает в себя многочисленные этапы и преодолевает возникающие препятствия.