Книги / Основи військового перекладу

Крім бездоганного знання іноземної мови, для кожного військового перекладача не менш важливо володіти всебічними військовими знаннями. Не можна бути гарним перекладачем і перекладати механічно, без проникнення у суть перекладного. Перекладач, зобов'язаний не тільки розуміти, що він перекладає, але і знати, для чого задаються ті чи інші питання, і яку відповідь очікує спеціаліст про проведенню допитів від полоненого.

Перекладач, зобов'язаний виконувати свою задачу в межах і у формах, обумовлених поводженням офіцера-розвідника, що допитує, тобто мова, тон і особливості інтонації перекладача повинні відповідати поводженню спеціаліста по проведенню допитів. Військовий перекладач не має права перекладати байдуже і тим самим знижувати наказовий чи наполегливий тон, офіцера-розвідника. Усяке зм'якшення тону підчас перекладу, розпливчаста форма питання приведе до того, що допит не дасть потрібних результатів. Так само неприпустимо явища зворотного порядку, коли офіцер-розвідник веде допит у м'якій і спокійній формі, а перекладач змінює інтонацію і самовільно обирає різкий і наказовий тон.

Перекладач повинен усіляко допомагати офіцеру-розвіднику здобути від полоненого необхідну інформацію, точно й осмислено перекладати питання, допитувача і відповіді полоненого, не допускати перекручування, непотрібних скорочень і зайвих подробиць.

Військовий перекладач, зобов'язаний пам'ятати, що за характером своєї діяльності він є розвідником, який володіє мовою противника.

Як спеціаліст по проведенню допитів, так і військовий перекладач повинні також пам'ятати, що полонений є ворогом, і навіть будучи роззброєним, він може продовжувати боротьбу й у полоні, надаючи свідомо помилкові показання, і вводячи їх в оману.

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Air Defense Support

The objective of air defense is to limit the effectiveness of enemy offensive air efforts to a level that permits freedom of action to all friendly forces.

Support relationships and missions

The battery commander is the brigade ADA officer. Therefore, he must respond to the supported commander's scheme of maneuvre. ADA planning must be top-down. The battery commander integrates his battery into the brigade scheme of maneuvre while positioning his forces to defeat the air

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threat. Based on the battery commander's guidance, the brigade commander can retain all allocated ADA or can suballocate some of the ADA to infantry battalion(s). The battery commander and S2 produce a coordinated sensor plan, ADA scheme of manouvre, command and control, early warning, and all arms for air defence, in response to each probable enemy course of action.

The battalion commander must assign tactical missions to the ADA element and establish priorities for air defense, to properly employ air defense assets - for example, specific companies or choke points. He also can give guidelines for selecting firing positions. The ADA unit leader then positions his weapons to support the battalion. The battalion provides CSS to the attached ADA elements and coordinates with the ADA headquarters for CSS equipment and personnel needed for the ADA attached element.

Employment

Planners must consider the following before air defense weapons are tactically employed to support the battalion.

Air avenues of approach are determined jointly by the ADA officer, S2, and ALO. Their decisions are disseminated to subordinates. Pilots of rotary and fixed-wing aircraft choose terrain to avoid ADA fires and radar detection; they avoid overflying friendly positions; and they use major terrain features to help them navigate.

The battalion's employment of ADA support is based on the commander's air defense priorities. These priorities are developed with the help of the ADA officer. They change during the course of an operation. Priorities for air defense protection are based on the enemy threat, the importance of the asset to the mission, the vulnerability of the asset to enemy destruction by air attack, and the ability of the asset to recover and continue to function after the attack. In determining priorities for attached assets, the commanders consider the coverage provided by other air defense systems.

In offensive operations, the battalion air defense priority goes to companies. Each company should be supported by one or more MANPADS teams. The company can be supported by ADA if it has one or more critical missions or more vulnerable to air attack than others.

In defensive operations, the priority shifts to battalion fire support, command and control, and logistical assets. Companies relying on passive air defense measures and moving on covered and concealed routes are ineligible for dedicated ADA support. Typical priorities might be mortar platoon first, battalion TOC second, trains third, maneuver companies fourth.

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Translate in writing

Організація сторожової охорони

При розташуванні на місці війська безпосередньо здійснюють охорону, а у випадку загрози нападу противника, на вказаних рубежах і смугах додатково ще організовують сторожову охорону. Сторожова охорона повинна бути круговою та охоплювати усі основні дороги та підступи до району розташування. Вона виставляється так, щоб не допустити проникнення розвідки противника та диверсійних груп в район розташування військ, виключити раптовий напад наземного противника, забезпечити час та вигідні умови для розгортання та введення в бій підрозділів, що охороняються.

Кількість та склад підрозділів, що виділяються для сторожової охорони, визначаються віддаленням від противника та його можливостями, важливістю напрямку, часом необхідним для розгортання та введення в бій підрозділів, що охороняються, характером місцевості та умовами спостереження.

Сторожова охорона здійснюється сторожовими загонами, сторожовими заставами, сторожовими постами, секретами. До складу сторожових загонів, як правило назначаються підсилені роти, до сторожової застави – підсилені взводи. Іноді на важливому напрямку в сторожовий загін може бути назначений батальйон (від дивізії). В цьому випадку до сторожових застав від сторожового загону можуть назначати підсилені роти. Іноді при розташуванні на місці батальйону, від нього може виставлятись сторожова застава у складі підсиленого взводу.

Сторожовому загону (заставі) вказується рубіж охорони та смуга охорони по фронту: для батальйону до 10 км, для роти 5 км, для взводу

2 км.

Батальйон (рота), що призначена у сторожовий загін, займає та готує для оборони вказаний йому (їй) рубіж, прикриваючи сторожовими заставами найбільш важливі напрямки. Рубіж, що займає сторожовий загін (застава) повинен бути зручним для оборони, забезпечувати гарний огляд в бік противника та обладнаним в інженерному відношенні.

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 Act as an interpreter

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Lesson 32

Combat Service Support

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to keep equipment and materiel утримувати обладнання та бойову

in effective operating condition техніку у належному стані експлуатації

Combat Service Support

Logistics has both materiel production and acquisition aspects. There are differences in the use of term “logistics” by NATO nations and in the categories of support for military operations which are regarded as being components of logistics. The NATO definition of logistics refers to “the science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of forces”. Supplies and procedures are thus an overall force multiplier which has to be taken into account in the design and production of systems and equipment. The potential role of NATO agencies such as the NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency in the field of consumer logistics is considered.

Generally logistics is the branch of administration which embraces the management and provision of supply, evacuation and hospitalization, transportation and service. The term “materiel” refers to the entire category of equipment and supplies used by armed forces to fulfill their functions.

According to US Field Manuals administration is the management and cooperation of all military matters not included in tactics and strategy. Combat service support designates supply, maintenance and recovery responsibilities as the situation may require. Therefore an administrative order is normally not required. Pertinent information on current and projected locations of administrative and logistical installations and facilities will normally be shown graphically on the operational overlay. SOPs should be continuously updated to clarify procedures for routine – health services, personnel services. Personnel support includes postal operations, replacement management, legal service support, morale, welfare, and recreation.

Supplies are the commodities required to equip, maintain, and operate a military force. Supplies are requested and issued using three categories of supply: scheduled, demanded, and regulated.

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Responsibilities

Logistics system operates under the direction of the Defense Logistics Agency which is a U.S. DOD agency. The DLA Director reports to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Logistics through the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Logistics and Materiel Readiness).

Logistics functions

The U.S. Army recognizes six tactical logistics functions: to man, to arm, to fuel, to fix, to move, and to sustain soldiers and their systems. Supply systems enable the operating forces to sustain from deployment through combat operations and their redeployment. The potential theater of operation will be normally divided into the combat zone and the communications zone. The COMMZ is the rear part of theater operation designed for ground combat operations and immediate administration of forces. US Army logistics deals with such aspect of military operations as design and development, acquisition, storage, movements, distribution, maintenance, evacuation, and disposition of materiel.

Success on the battlefield is directly related to the ability of the unit to keep equipment and materiel in effective operating condition. Battle damage assessment and repair is an expeditious method of getting damaged equipment operationally capable. When equipment must be moved, it is moved only as far as necessary for major repair.

Division Support Command

Division Support Command contains administrative support units and elements to maintain the uninterrupted flow of materiel supply. Combat trains are div supply installations which are located in division rear area. The combat trains are those vehicles, equipment, and personnel required for the immediate logistics support of the battalion combat mission. The combat trains are located 5 to 8 kilometers behind the unit firing positions. Battalion field trains are normally located in the brigade trains to receive support from logistics support elements of the division.

Classes of Supply

In normal situation the distribution of all basic supplies are made in units’ trains. The primary means of receiving a logistics package is through a logistics release point. Usually, the LRP is located astride the main supply route, near the combat trains. Some supplies and services come to the unit as part of the logistics package. These are mail, pay, bulk petroleum, oil and lubricants, and rations. Ammunition is not a part of the LOGPAC. Ammunition resupply is a continuous process to ensure a unit mission can be fulfilled. The consumer and supply quantity is used to estimate the different

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classes of supply to be necessary for one day of operations of a unit. The allowance of food for one person for one day is called ration. The estimated quantity of ammunition, required per day to sustain operations is called unit of fire. According to the storage conditions and consumption rates all supplies are divided into ten classes.

Class I (Subsistence items). Normally, the unit basic load specifies that combat rations include meals ready to eat, which will be maintained by the battery. The storage has to feed the unit for 3 to 5 days.

Class II – include specialized tools, clothing, and barrier or fortification materials. It has expendable supplies, NBC suits, sandbags and concertina wire.

Class III (POL) – Petroleum, oils and lubricants are received as part of the LOGPAC.

Class IV – supplies not authorized under class II.

Class V – aviation ammunition, bombs rockets. Normally, ammunition is constantly delivered to the unit by the organic ammunition resupply vehicles.

Class VI (Personal-demand items) - normally purchased through the exchange system such as candy and cigarettes.

Class VII – weapon system replacement operations items. These items will be issued as individual item of equipment. A WSRO item is to be issued complete with fire control and communications equipment.

Class VIII (Medical supplies). The medical units consolidate their resupply requirements and forward these to the battalion aid station.

Class IX (Repair parts). Repair parts for combat vehicles are essential for a sustainment. The prescribed load list identifies the quantity of combat repair parts authorized to be on hand or on order at all times.

Class X. Materials for civil economic development program.

Answer the questions

1.What does the term “logistics” mean?

2.What is administration according to the U.S. Field Manuals?

3.What is the chain of command in the logistics system?

4.How does the logistics system operate?

5.What are the principal units of the div SUPCOM?

6.What is communications zone?

7.What are the tasks of maintenance support?

8.What is the organization of battalion trains?

9.What are the main classes of supplies?

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