Книги / Основи військового перекладу

provide overmatching fires (підтримуючий вогонь з місця (скрізь голову підрозділів що просуваються)) to support dismounted infantry and to suppress or defeat enemy tanks and other fighting vehicles.

The BFV is a fully armored, fully tracked vehicle designed to carry mechanized infantry into close contact with the enemy. It possesses sufficient cross-country mobility to keep up with the Abrams main battle tank, medium and long-range firepower capable of defeating any vehicle on the battlefield, and is adequately armored to protect the crew from artillery and small arms threats.

The Bradley is able to close with and destroy enemy forces in support of mounted and dismounted infantry and cavalry combat operations. The BFV family currently consists of two vehicles: the M2 infantry fighting vehicle and the M3 cavalry fighting vehicle. Just as with its predecessor, the M113 family, the Bradley will eventually be the platform for a wide range of support vehicles (бойова машина забезпечення).

Initially the Bradley was protected against 14.5 mm projectiles on all sides. The M2A2 provided protection against 30 mm projectiles on all sides, and added spall liners (підбій броні для захисту від осколків броні). The M2A3 added titanium roof armor. The BFV, while having better armor protection than the M113, lacks adequate armor protection to withstand medium to heavy ATGM fire (витримувати обстріл протитанкової керованої ракети). Man-portable anti-tank and anti-vehicular weapons such as the rocket propelled grenade (RPG-7) (реактивна граната) are capable of penetrating 12 inches of steel.

The Bradley’s main armament is the M242 25 mm "Bushmaster" chain gun (автоматична швидкострільна авіаційна пушка), manufactured by McDonnell Douglas. The M242 has a single barrel with an integrated dualfeed mechanism (механізм з подачею двох видів боєприпасів) and remote ammunition selection. Either armor piercing (AP) or high explosive (HE) ammunition may be selected with the flick of a switch. The Gunner may select from single or multiple shot modes. The standard rate of fire is 200 rounds per minute, and has a range of 2,000 meters (depending on the ammunition used). A wide range of ammunition has been developed for this weapon, making it capable of defeating the majority of armored vehicles it is likely to encounter (зіткнутися ), up to and including some main battle tanks. The M240C machine gun, mounted to right of the Bushmaster, fires 7.62 mm rounds.

When facing heavier enemy armor the Bradley relies on the TOW Anti-Tank Missile, manufactured by the Hughes Aircraft. Launched from a smooth tube launcher, the missile’s wings and tail fins are folded inside its

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body until launch. Two of these missiles are carried ready to fire in a collapsible, armored launch rack (складна броньована обертаюча пускова установка) on the left of the turret. The Bradley must stop in order to fire these missiles, which are then reloaded by the infantrymen in the back of the vehicle, using a special hatch which provides armor protection during the reload operation. The missile is equipped with a massive shaped charge (кумулятивний) high explosive warhead and is propelled by a two-stage solid propellant motor. The range of the TOW missile is nearly 4 kilometers and the missile will reach a speed of almost Mach 1 on its way to the target. This weapon is capable of destroying any armored vehicle in existence today and is deadly accurate.

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Багатоцільовий легкий всюдихід “Хаммер”

Історія цих позашляховиків почалася у 1985 році, коли їх серійне виробництво розгорнулося на одному із заводів компанії AM General Corporаtion у штаті Індіана. Це стало можливим після 12 років розробки та доводки декількома (design and configuration update) американськими фірмами оперативно-тактичного автомобіля з постійним приводом на всі колеса (four-wheel-drive operational tactical vehicle) та довгою назвою

”багатоцільовий колісний транспортний засіб”, що зашифрована у абревіатурі HMMWV (High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle).

Вимова цієї абревіатури й дала неофіційну назву Hummer.

Він має високу прохідність (cross-country capacity) та надзвичайну стійкість (durability), придатний для перевезення повітрям та десантування (air transportable and droppable), а його міцність (firmness)

у два рази перевищує вимоги американської армії. На даний час випускається друге покоління М-998А2. Базовим (baseline vehicle) є шасі М-1097А2 з повністю алюмінієвою 2- або 4-місною кабіною (two/four-seated cabin) та відкритою платформою, яка призначена для перевезення вантажів, бойового розрахунку із 8 чоловік або зброї.

На базовому шасі з міцною рамою (frame rail) встановлений дизельний V-подібний двигун з робочим об’ємом 6,5 л, що розвиває потужність 160 к.с. , та автоматична 4-ступенева коробка передач (fourspeed automatic gear box). Проходячи крізь дворежимну роздаткову коробку (2 speed transfer case) та планетарні колісні редуктори (planetary wheel reducer), обертовий момент двигуна (engine torque) збільшується

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на колесах майже у 80 разів. Доволі оригінальним рішенням є централізована вентиляція усіх агрегатів трансмісії (transmission). Підвіска (suspension) всіх коліс – незалежна на ричагах (independent arm) і пружинах (spring), всі гальма – дискові та вентилюються. Застосовуються радіальні шини (radial wide-section tire) розміром 12,50 R16,5. Колісна база (wheelbase) – 3300 мм, шляховий просвіт (clearance)

–390 мм. Вага всіх варіантів серії М-1097А2 становить 2676 кг, корисне навантаження (payload) – близько 2 т, найбільш допустима вага

–4672 кг. Максимальна швидкість – 113 км/ч.

Всюдихід здатний долати підйоми в 60% (climb 60% slopes) та броди (ford) глибиною 0,76 м. На замовлення автомобіль комплектується лебідкою (winch), системою підкачування шин, захистом вузлів шасі, огородженням радіатора (radiator grill), комплектами для проходження глибоких бродів (deep water fording kit) (до 1,52 м) та для роботи в особливих кліматичних умовах.

 Act as an interpreter

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Lesson 27

Aircraft Armament and Materiel

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Aircraft Armament and Materiel

General

The different types of military aircraft are backbone of aircraft armament. Aviation forces of the Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps are classified as bombers, fighter-bombers and attack acft, fighters, observation acft, reconnaissance acft, special electronic installation acft, cargo acft, helicopters, tankers and trainers according to their functions. These forces can quickly gain and sustain air superiority over regional aggressors, permitting rapid air attacks on enemy targets while providing security to exploit the air for logistics, command and control, intelligence, and other functions. Fighter/attack aircraft operate from land bases and aircraft carriers and attack combat enemy fighters, ground and ship targets. Missile-carrier bombers make an intercontinental flight to strike surface targets on short notice. The specialized aircraft supporting conventional operations perform functions such as surveillance, airborne warning and control, air battle management, suppression of enemy air defenses,

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reconnaissance, and combat search and rescue. The key components of the aviation force are fighter/attack aircraft and conventional bombers.

The F/A-18 "Hornet"

The F/A-18 "Hornet" is a supersonic, single seat (A and C models) or tandem seat (B and D models), twin engine, all weather, night, combined fighter and attack aircraft and can be refueled in flight. The F/A-18 multimission aircraft can operate from either aircraft carriers or land bases. The F/A-18 fills a variety of roles: air superiority, fighter escort, suppression of enemy air defenses, reconnaissance, forward air control, close and deep air support, and day and night strike missions. Cockpit displays and avionics are thoroughly integrated to enhance crew situational awareness and mission capability in high threat, adverse weather/night environments. Cockpits are night vision goggle compatible. Multi-sensor integration and advanced data link capabilities further enhance situational awareness. In 1987, the upgraded C/D model (with enhanced mission avionics) was introduced and upgraded with a night/adverse weather mission capability, on board oxygen generating system, APG-73 radar upgrade, enhanced performance F404-GE- 402 engines, and upgraded mission computers. F/A-18 maximum speed is Mach 1.7 at level flight at altitudes of 36,089 ft. The F/A-18 can carry up to 13,700 pounds of external ordnance. Weapon stations include: two wingtip stations for Sidewinders; two outboard wing stations for air-to-air or air-to- ground weapons; two inboard wing stations for fuel tanks, air-to-air, or air- to-ground weapons; two nacelle fuselage stations for AMRAAMs, Sparrows, or sensor pods; and one centerline station for fuel or air-to-ground weapons. The M61 Vulcan 6-barrel rotary cannon with 520 rounds of 20 mm ammunition is internally mounted in the nose. The combination of excellent thrust-to-weight ratio and maneuverability is an unmatched combat capability.

The B-2 Spirit

The B-2 Spirit is a multi-role bomber capable of delivering both conventional and nuclear munitions. A dramatic leap forward in technology, the bomber represents a major milestone in the U.S. bomber modernization program. The B-2 brings massive firepower, in a short time, anywhere on the globe, through previously impenetrable defenses. The revolutionary blending of low observable technologies with high aerodynamic efficiency gives the B-2 important advantages over existing bombers. Low observability provides greater freedom of action at high altitudes, increasing its range and field of view for the aircraft's sensors. The B-2's low observability is derived from a combination of reduced infrared, acoustic, electromagnetic, visual and radar

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signatures. Thus, it's difficult for defensive systems to detect, track and engage the B-2.

Aircraft Armament

Modern military aircraft are equipped with missiles, rockets, bombs and cannons.

The AGM-88 high-speed anti-radiation missile is a supersonic air- to-surface tactical missile designed to seek and destroy enemy radarequipped air defense systems. The AGM-88 can detect, attack and destroy a target with minimum aircrew input. Guidance is provided through reception of signals emitted from ground-based threat radar. It has the capability of discriminating a single target from a number of emitters in the environment. The proportional guidance system that homes in on enemy radar emissions has a fixed antenna and seeker head in the missile nose. A smokeless, solid-propellant, dual-thrust rocket motor propels the missile. The Navy and Marine Corps F/A-18 and EA-6B have the capability to employ the AGM-88.

The AIM-9 Sidewinder is a supersonic, heat-seeking, air-to-air missile carried by fighter aircraft. It has a high-explosive warhead and an active infrared guidance system. The Sidewinder was developed by the US Navy for fleet air defense and was adapted by the U.S. Air Force for fighter aircraft use.

The AIM-120 advanced medium-range air-to-air missile is a new generation air-to-air missile. It has an all-weather, beyond-visual-range capability and is scheduled to be operational beyond 2000. AMRAAM is a supersonic, air launched, aerial intercept, guided missile employing active radar target tracking, proportional navigation guidance, and active radio frequency target detection. It employs active, semi-active, and inertial navigational methods of guidance to provide an autonomous launch and leave capability against single and multiple targets in all environments.

The MK-82 is a free-fall, non-guided general purpose 500-pound bomb. The bomb is usually equipped with the mechanical M904 (nose) and M905 (tail) fuses or FMU-113 radar-proximity air-burst fuse. The MK 80 series Low drag general purpose bombs are used in the majority of bombing operations where maximum blast and explosive effects are desired. LDGP bombs are designed to be aerodynamically streamlined. Their cases are relatively light and approximately 45 percent of their complete weight is explosive. General purpose bombs may use both nose and tail fuses and conical or retarded tail fins. Bombs are carried in bomb carriers. They are suspended under the fuselage, wings or within the fuselage in bomb bays and released by bomb – released mechanism.

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